Undeveloped countries

Mechanical removal of plaque is the most effective measure against plaque-caused diseases, dental caries, and periodontal diseases. Even before the advent of fluoride treatments, it was assumed that a clean tooth does not decay. A toothbmsh is effective in removing dental plaque and, for those individuals who optimize its use, it usually can adequately control plaque. Despite the proven efficacy of mechanical plaque removal, the amount of patient involvement is such that only about 30% of the population in developed countries and considerably less in undeveloped countries can be expected to adequately remove plaque (1). Hence, supplementary measures such as dentifrices and dental rinses are necessary. 

Bacteria are smaller than protozoa and are responsible for many diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Pathogenic bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6 /tm, and a 0.2 /tm filter is necessary to prevent transmission. Contamination of water supplies by bacteria is blamed for the cholera epidemics, which devastate undeveloped countries from time to time. Even in the U.S., E. coli is frequently found to contaminated water supplies. Fortunately, E. coli is relatively harmless as pathogens go, and the problem isn t so much with E. coli found, but the fear that other bacteria may have contaminated the water as well. Never the less, dehydration from diarrhea caused by E. coli has resulted in fatalities. 

Thereafter, polyester fibre manufacture spread very rapidly throughout the world. Initially, the technology transfer was mainly from the existing producers, but after expiry of the patents it was provided increasingly by engineering firms, who provided not only specific sections of production plant but also turnkey plants with start-up support, thus enabling relatively undeveloped countries to establish fibre production. 

States in 1973. Although banned in developed countries, its use to improve public health in undeveloped countries continues. The World Health Organization estimates that DDT has saved 25 million lives from malaria and hundreds of millions of other lives from other diseases. 

Evidence of the need for continuous action can be found in the massive waste treatment plants in urban areas and septic systems in rural communities. In the developed world, the problem is under nominal control, and this allows us a complacency not evident in the rest of the world. In undeveloped countries, the return of water free of nutrients and bacteria to the enviromnent is a goal to be anticipated and a luxury few can afford. 

Thus it is impossible to set a time when production of ethanol for beverage purposes began. Most alcohol in undeveloped countries is still for beverages. Aside from beverage production, ethanol (ethyl alcohol or "alcohol ) is made for industrial purposes by both synthetic and fermentation processes. 

Similar to the mango, the fig is a food regarded by nutritional scientists as a nutrient-rich, common resource that may help alleviate malnutrition in undeveloped countries. This practical application justifies its position high in the research pyramid. Also a staple of the Mediterranean diet—a dietary pattern widely regarded as the healthiest—figs are favored for their potential role in reducing the morbid trend of metabolic syndrome affecting millions of people in developed countries. 

A significant problem outside of the United States relates to landmines. Over 60 countries, developed and undeveloped, report a need to clear areas from landmine and other UXO contamination. As of December 1994, the Department of State estimated that 80 to 110 million landmines remain uncleared worldwide, the bulk of which are in undeveloped countries. Most of these countries economies depend heavily on agriculture and thus are particularly vulnerable because the presence of landmines can deny farmers large sections of land. 

On an average basis, the worldwide catalyst disposal is considerable it may reach over 12.000 ton/year in the United States [8] and over 10.000 ton/year in Europe [9], with a recycling level below 30% wt. On the other hand, some 10.000 ton/year are discarded without any treatment (basically in the undeveloped countries, in clandestine dumps, without any security criterium), thus leading to an environmental commitment within a short time [10]. The main examples of commonly discarded catalysts are hydrotreating, hydrogenation and cracking ones. 

Compensation law of mortality. It has been observed that relative differences in mortality rates of different populations decrease with age (Figure 6.23.3). People who live a long life in an undeveloped country, for instance, are hardly at a disadvantage of living longer than a person of the same age in a developed country. Mortality rates converge for different populations. 

The expansion of rayon production in undeveloped countries, such as Taiwan, Indonesia, and South America, where new rayon plants have been constructed, has in many cases incorporated the newer technology. Typical of this would be the continuous belt xanthator... 

Guijarro, F Chiriboga, F Gandara, M Martinod, V M Pacheco, M Roman and J B Stanbury, A pilot program for screening congenital hypothyroidism in an undeveloped country, iji Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Congenital Hypothyroidism, G Medeiros-Neto, R M ... 

The main targets of investment are likely to be renewal and improvement of supply in developed cities, and the provision of low cost clean water in undeveloped countries. The former is characterised by decay of existing infrastructures, typically 50 to 100 years old, with associated large leakage rates and inefficiency of supply. The problems of... 

Many countries have decided that disclosure of their actual reserves Is a matter of national security and refuse to provide accurate data—or any information at all. It is also difficult to estimate how much oii can be removed from a reservoir, especially ones in undeveloped countries. It is clear from the preceding chart many countries are not represented, meaning that their reserves have not been caicuiated. 

A slice of fresh whole wheat bread with butter and a sweet spread make a wonderful nutritious addition to any meal, between-meal, or bedtime snack. Down through the ages, breads have been the foundation of most western diets. In ancient days, some of the breads were unleavened and they still are in some parts of the undeveloped countries. But whether unleavened or leavened, breads may be eaten with a sweet spread made from the fruits available during the summer months among such spreads are conserves, fruit butters, lemon butter or lemon curd, jams, jellies, marmalades, and preserves. 

Usage patterns for dentifrices vary considerably from country to country. A large portion of the market is concentrated in the industrialized countries however, even the most undeveloped countries have markets for dentifrices, generally centered on the larger urban areas. The scale of toothpaste manufacture is variable and is directly related to market size and marketing practice. Toothpaste can be made by batch, continuously, or in combinations. Plants with outputs of 110 tons or more daily have been operated, but are an exception. Toothpastes vary considerably in composition around the world, and any single enterprise may market several brands with different properties. 

The last chapter of this book Experimental methods in polymer degradation allows everyone to refresh their knowledge in this matter, but for starting scientists it is a key for experimental work in laboratories. This applies in particular to scientists from undeveloped countries, where industries are only beginning to be introduced and where the solution of everyday problems in photoageing of polymers and plastics, especially in a tropical sun, is very important. 

---