Documentary evidence

The outline of the defense evidence is rather definitely determined by the theory and presentation of the government s side of the case—that is, the primary task of the defense counsel is to refute or modify the evidence presented by the government in support of its theory of the case. In attempting to do so, the defense ordinarily has to resort to much the same general types of evidence—documentary, oral, and expert— that is used by the prosecution. 

Coverage Mapping The ability to provide documentary evidence of the actual inspection coverage achieved is one of the significant advantages of the CamuS system. 

A situation where staff operate under self control is for telephone orders where there is little documentary evidence that a transaction has taken place. There may be an entry on a computer database showing that an order has been placed with a particular supplier. So how would you verify compliance with the requirements of this clause in such circumstances ... 

This requirement poses something of a dilemma when purchasing subcontract labor because it cannot be treated the same as product. You still need to ensure, however, that the labor conforms with your requirements before use. Such checks will include verification that the personnel provided have the requisite qualifications, skills, and knowledge and they are who they say they are. These checks can be made on the documentary evidence provided, such as certificates, but you will probably wish to monitor their performance because it is the effort you have purchased, not the people. You will not be able to verify whether they are entirely suitable until you have evaluated their performance. Subcontract labor could be classified as product released prior to verification being performed and so you need to keep records of the personnel and their performance during the tenure of the contract. 

Throughout the standard, various clauses reference the clause on quality records. To avoid repetition, the common requirements for quality records are assembled under one heading. The requirements, however, are not limited to those clauses in which this requirement is referenced as many other clauses refer to records. However, as all clauses will generate some documentary evidence it should not be assumed that all such documents are quality records. The requirements, however, apply only to original records and not to any copies other than those taken for security reasons or copies of subcontractor records. There are several types of document used in a quality system and only some are classified as quality records. As quality records are documents it might be assumed that the requirements of clause 4.5 on document and data control apply to quality records. As clause 4.16 is not cross referenced in clause 4.5 (except for clause 4.5.2.2), there is clearly no requirement for you to apply the requirements for document control to quality records. (See also Part 2 Chapter 5.) Figure 5.2 illustrates the difference between quality records and documents. 

You will need to maintain documentary evidence that these personnel have the necessary education, training, and experience to carry out the tasks assigned to them. This is where job specifications can help. For each of these positions - not the individuals but the position they occupy - you should produce a job specification that specifies the requirements an individual must meet to occupy this position. It should include academic qualifications, training, and experience requirements, as well as personal characteristics, so that in recruiting for the position you have a specification with which to compare candidates. 

Bowels, m. proof, evidence argument, -analyse, /. documentary analysis, beweisbar, a, provable, demonstrable, beweisen, v.t. prove, demonstrate show, — v.T. prove. 

Carnot soon realized that he did not have the temperament of a soldier and in 1818 left the army. After leaving the army Carnot took up residence in his father s former Paris apartment, and was presumably supported by his family whiile he attended classes at Sorbonne, the College de France, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. He also frequently visited factories and workshops, both to see steam engines actually in use, and to learn more about the economics of such industrial use of energy. There were rumors that he did at least on a lew occasions receive some consultant s fees for his advise, but there was no clear documentary evidence of this. In 1827 he returned to active militaiy seiwice with the rank of captain, but this lasted only a little more than a year. He resigned in 1828 and died of cholera four years later in Paris. 

If the test facility claims to be GLP-compliant but is located in a country where there is no authorised body responsible for GLP monitoring, i.e., a national GLP compliance program, the Study Director needs to be assured that the facility (including the archive, if used) does operate in compliance with GLP principles. This can be achieved by conducting a pre-study QA test site inspection or by a review of documentary evidence, e.g., notice of adverse findings and subsequent responses, or Establishment Inspection reports. The Study Director should ideally discuss the above with QA personnel and send copies of any documentary evidence used to the Quality Assurance Unit (QAU) for inclusion in the QA multi-site study file. 

Are contingency/emergency plans in place in the event of accidental emission/discharge Provide documentary evidence. Identify the risk category. 

The precise methods for the preparation of tar in prehistory are not well understood. Archaeological and documentary evidence exists for sophisticated and large-scale methods of manufacture in the Medieval period (Kurzweil and Todtenhaupt, 1991). A number of simpler methods involving heating in sealed pottery vessels have been proposed and tested (Kurzweil and Todtenhaupt, 1990). However, these processes would leave little trace in the archaeological... 

Although archaeology is a historical discipline, in that its aim is to reconstruct events in the past, it is not the same as history. If history is reconstructing the past from written sources, then 99.9% of humanity s five million years or more of global evolution is beyond the reach of history. Even in historic times, where written records exist, there is still a distinctive role for archaeology. Documentary evidence often provides evidence for big events -famous people, battles and invasions, religious dogma, and the history of states but such written sources are inevitably biased. History is written by the... 

If the secret work of the CIA had been excluded from consideration, the researchers wouldn t have found much. Gottlieb had destroyed most of those records in 1973 as directed by CIA director Helms. It is no sunrise that the IG had difficulty investigating them. As the report writers explain in their prologue Where neither documentary or testimonial evidence was available, then license was taken by drawing logical conclusions or assumptions based on evidence available, past performance, or other indicators. (Unfortunately, the need for such assumptions would tend to weaken the reliability of their conclusions.)... 

Often physical evidence can only be inspected or tested once without permanent alteration of the data. For these reasons, the incident investigation team needs to make efforts to preserve all physical and documentary evidence in its time-of-the-incident condition. To the extent that is not possible, lawyers should be consulted to take appropriate steps to... 

I quirked an eyebrow skeptically. Your lady mother knows what book. Or Jacopo does. Briefly, clarissimo, certain evidence that has come into my master s possession shows beyond doubt that someone in this house is connected to a continuing series of murders in this city. The learned doctor wishes to question Jacopo Fauro concerning the matter. If Fauro is unable to allay his suspicions, my master will have no choice but to deliver the documentary evidence to the authorities. Then it is highly likely that M/55/cr Grande will show up here within hours. ... 

Similarly, ethos, the testimonial dependent upon the expertise and credibility of the witness, is critical. Evidence supplied by an impartial and credentialed observer may estabhsh comphance with control standard operating procedures (SOPs), accuracy of documentary evidence, and suitability of code design. Whereas the accuracy of logos transcends its interpretation, however, ethos proof must be evaluated on the basis of its source. Who said so , How does he or she know , and Why should he or she be trusted become the key questions. It is upon the importance of ethos that the important issues of independent, quality assurance (QA), and confirmatory investigation hes. Most ethos testimony takes the form of reports, observational records, and certifications. 

The six areas of proof previously discussed also provide a comprehensive package of evidence in support of the GALP. Each area is supported with specific documentary evidence, such as test results, SOPs, manuals, and code, and with testimonial evidence in the form of evaluations, interpretations, and summary reports. 

First, the temperature changes. The mean environmental temperature is readily accessible, but data for the past are to be taken with prudence since the measurement of temperature is a recent acquisition. Indirect evidence (Fig. 16.2.3.1) suggests that the Little Ice Age, which lasted from the end of the Middle Ages until the mid 19 century, was colder than now (0.5 C). Such conclusions derive mainly from the analysis of proxies, which are geographically scattered indicators, in the form of both natural (physical and biological) and documentary (written) archives for the last millenniiun... 

Before the release system, all inspection and test operations are ensured to have been satisfactorily completed, and all documentary evidence is reviewed and completed with product identification and traceability. 

To what extent these chemical arts originated in Egypt or to what extent they were dependent upon Asia Minor, Persia or perhaps India, it is difficult to determine, for we have no documentary evidence relating to these subjects, which is specific, of established antiquity and demonstrably free from later interpolations. 

A laboratory applying a specific method should have documentary evidence that the method has been appropriately validated The responsibility remains firmly with the user to ensure that the validation documented in the method is sufficiently complete to meet his or her needs [2], This holds for standard methods (e.g., from EPA, ASTM, ISO, or USP), as well as for methods developed in-house. If standard methods are used, it should be verified that the scope of the method and validation data (e.g., sample matrix, linearity, range, and detection limits) comply with the laboratory s analyses requirements otherwise, the validation of the standard method should be repeated using the laboratory s own criteria. The laboratory should demonstrate the validity of the method in the laboratory s environment. 

In practice, this process ensures that the system (computer hardware, computer software, controlled equipment, interfaces, operating environment, operators, equipment, procedures, and so on), in its normal operating environment, produces acceptable quality product and that sufficient documentary evidence exists to demonstrate this assessment. 

During product research, production, and control of FDA regulated products, documentary evidence must be retained for a certain period, which prove the safety and efficacy of the product. When a computer system is to be retired from active use, the data from that system must be archived. Some regulations which cover FDA regulated products, and which require records to be retained, are listed in Table E-l. 

Hence, forensic research is exactly what revisionists, starting with Robert Faurisson, have called the search for material evidence. The revisionists demand for such material evidence is entirely consistent with the normal practice of modem law enforcement. Also, as is generally acknowledged, forensic evidence is more conclusive than eyewitness testimony or documentary evidence. 

According to Pressac, no material or documentary evidence of the gas chamber in the crematorium in the main camp exists, but there... 

Finally, I want to focus on those legendary "Zyklon B introduction columns for which Michal Kula is the most frequently quoted eye witness . He gives a detailed description of these columns which he claimed he had built.269 J.-C. Pres-sac270 (see Fig. 54) and Prof, van Pelt271 have prepared drawings of these columns based on Kula s description. Firstly, there neither exists material nor documentary evidence that these columns existed.268 All we... 

In other words there is a tendency to abandon those locations which Prof. Dr. R. van Pelt called the absolute center in the "geography of atrocities (see page 91), or even the Birkenau crematoria altogether, since, according to Meyer the genocide is now supposed to have taken place mainly in those ominous farmhouses or bunkers of which we possess hardly any documentary evidence. 

The procedures of mass-gassing as attested to by witnesses during their interrogation before various courts of law, as cited in judicial rulings, and as described in scientific and literary publications, in any building of Auschwitz whatever, are inconsistent with documentary evidence, technical necessities, and natural scientific law. 

Rudolfs assertion that unambiguous technical evidence was superior to ambiguous documentary evidence as unscientific and unprofessional procedure ... 

Interlaboratory exercises have to be a part of the measurement program in order to ensure, as far as possible, a consistent data set. CRMs of artificial precipitation samples and solid samples are available from various organizations, for example, BCR, NIST, and IAEA. In addition, laboratory intercomparisons are arranged annually by, for example, WMO/GAW and EMEP. Artificial precipitation samples are distributed to different laboratories. EMEP laboratory comparisons of the main components in precipitation have been conducted for 25 years, and they have provided important documentary evidence for the evolution of data quality in EMEP during this period. The results show that laboratory performance has improved during this period, so that at present most laboratories manage to be within the 10% relative standard deviation (RSD) for all the major ions (Table 17.4). 

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