Extracellular membrane

Protein toxins acting intracellularly are often composed of two subunits (A/B model). One subunit is catalytic (A-subunit) and the other is responsible for binding and cell entry (B-subunit). Following binding to an extracellular membrane receptor, the toxins are endocytosed. From the endosomes, the A-subunit is directly (pH dqDendent) transferred into the cytosol (e.g., diphtheria toxin and anthrax toxin) or the toxin is transported in a retrograde manner via the golgi to the ER (e.g., cholera toxin), where translocation into the cytosol occurs [1]. 

Kim et al. (67) P. placenta Polyclonal antiserum was produced to P. placenta extracellular metabolites red spruce and birch were degraded by P. placenta using the soil-block procedure degraded wood-block samples were prepared for TEM and the immunoelectron localization of wood-degrading enzymes Extracellular membrane structures (matrix) were observed surrounding hyphae, which degraded spruce and birch wood the matrix labeled positively with antisera produced to P. placenta extracellular metabolites... 

Localization of protein Cytosol Cytosol Cytosol Cytosol Extracellular (membrane-attached)a... 

PrP has the signal sequence for a GPI anchor at its C-terminal end and is therefore considered an extracellular membrane protein, but cytosolic PrP has been detected recendy in some neurons (Mironov et al, 2003). 

Separation of Bacterial Extracellular, Membranous and Cytosolic Proteins and their Effect on Indulin ATR. We first assume a lignin solubilization catalyzed by enzymes. In order to localize the enzymes responsible for the Indulin ATR degradation, the cells of each strain were fractionated extra... 

The subcellular localization is described. Typical entries are cytoplasm, nucleus, extracellular, membrane. 

Figure 2. Possible reaction sites of glucose and other reducing sugars with extracellular, membrane, and intracellular proteins.

The importance of transmembrane potentials in cells has been demonstrated. Since the cells are totally enclosed by a membrane they naturally form an electrochemical cell. The cellular fluids contain sufficient concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions to be a good electrolyte, and potential differences originate in the intra- and extracellular membrane surfaces. We now discuss what happens when... 

Marzesco, A.M., Janich, R, Wilsch-Brauninger, M., Dubreuil, V, Langenfeld, K., Corbeil, D. and Huttner, W.B. (2005) Release of extracellular membrane particles carrying the stem cell marker prominin-1 (CD133) from neural progenitors and other epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 118, 2849-2858. 

Different dilutions of the chemoattractant in plating medium are placed into the lower compartment, and the chamber is incubated at 37° C for a period of time that usually ranges between 4 and 24 h. The assay is also suitable for the evaluation of haptotactic stimulation. In this case the attractant (usually extracellular membrane molecules) is insolubilized on the bottom surface of the filter by letting the filter float on the surface of a solution (either PBS or carbonate buffer, 50-100 mM, pH 9.6) containing the desired molecule at concentrations ranging between 10 and 120 jU-g/ml for 2-18 h at... 

Anderson HC, Mulhall D, Garimella R (2010) Role of extracellular membrane vesicles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer, renal diseases, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. Lab Invest 90 1549-1557... 

ENPPl is expressed on the extracellular membrane of osteoblasts and chondrocytes and on the surface of their matrix vesicles. Its localization and substrate specificity seem to implicate the enzyme is playing an important role in regulation of mineratization [1, 2]. 

Bi2 Binding Proteins. Bi2-binding (and Bi2-transporting) proteins are important in human, animal, and bacterial metabolism, where they function as extracellular, membrane-bound, and intracellular proteins. Lack of the B12-binding (extracellular) protein intrinsic factor and, as its consequence, a disorder in the uptake of vitamin B12 derivatives from the nutrition, is the most widely distributed cause for pernicious anemia (51,52). 

Polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA) [223] Vancomycin, gentamicin, lidocaine Electrospun sandwich-structured as nanofibrous membranes Biomimetic nanofibrous extracellular membranes for long-term drug delivery... 

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA ) [82] is a trypsin-like serine protease [83] that, when bound to the extracellular membrane-associated urokinase-... 

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