Children’s toys

Freshly precipitated ZnS dissolves readily in mineral acids with evolution of H2S, but roasting renders it far less reactive and it is then an acceptable pigment in paints for children s toys since it is harmless if ingested. ZnS also has... 

Parsons was, first and foremost, a compulsive inventor. He spent his days inventing everything from children s toys to the Auxetophoiie, a mechanical amplifier for stringed musical instruments. His success as an inventor lies in his inquisitive nature and the fact that he was equally comfortable with the-oity and practice. 

When the polymers are cross linked using borax, you get the children s toy Slime. 

The CE Mark is not specific to medical devices, but is used generally to indicate to European consumers that a product conforms to applicable European performance and safety requirements. It can be found on electrical equipment, children s toys and safety equipment, among other products. 

This law, which is a criminal law, is so loosely worded that it is at the moment impossible to establish criteria for paints, varnishes, or lacquers to be placed on children s furniture or toys to be sold in Maryland. Further, the Maryland law has little protective value, since anyone can repaint children s furniture or toys with any material regardless of its suitability for the purpose and its inherent toxicity. This law, as it stands, places a heavy and complex burden on the manufacturer and marketer of children s toys and furniture—and necessarily on the manufacturer of paints, lacquers, and varnishes. The Maryland law has greater significance as a piece of troublesome legislation in that in the courts of the state of Maryland, the jury is the judge of the law as well as the facts under the law, and since under criminal law each case would be argued on its own merits, two different juries might reach contradictory decisions on the same set of circumstances. 

This combination has, in the past, been the base of various impact sensitive pyrotechnics, described by Haarmann [1] and more recently on the Internet, including reference to a report [2] of a mere 60-70 kg, dispersed in children s toy caps, demolishing a building in an accidental explosion. Red phosphorus is a material of variable composition and reactivity, so unreliability is to be anticipated. There have been passivating components in most of these mixtures, it is suggested that the pure dry powders will often react on contact. For the more reactive white allotrope ... 

Wilkinson CF, Lamb JCIV (1999) The potential health effects of phthalate esters in children s toys a review and risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 30 140-155... 

A decision by the European Parliament to put restrictions on the use of six phthalate plasticisers ignores scientific risk assessments and threatens the basis for Reach, the impending European legislation on chemical strategy. The Strasbourg parliament has voted to ban DEHP, DBP and BBP in children s toys and childcare items. DINP, DIDP and DNOP will be banned from use if the toys or items can be put in the mouth by children. An EU scientific risk assessment said children were not at risk from DINP in toys. A similar study in the US by the Consumer Product Safety Commission reached the same conclusion. European Commission... 

A ruling has been passed by the European Commission s scientific committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and the environment, (the CSTEE), that the use of acetyl tributyl citrate as a plasticiser in children s toys is safe. It has also ruled that the current risk assessment models are reliable. Brief details are given in this little article. 

PVC still faces environmental pressure from two directions there is hostility in the use of PVC in children s toys using the phthalate argument and building a new PVC complex faces severe regulatory pressure-witness the experience of ShinTech in the USA. 

The children s toys were found in every room of the house. 

The most frequently quoted example to illustrate this behaviour is the children s toy Silly Putty , which is a poly(dimethyl siloxane) polymer. Pulled rapidly it shows brittle fracture like any solid but if pulled slowly it flows as a liquid. The relaxation time for this material is 1 s. After t = 5t the stress will have fallen to 0.7% of its initial value so the material will have effectively forgotten its original shape. That is, one could describe it as having a memory of around 5 s (about that of a mackerel ). Many other materials in common use have relaxation times within an order of magnitude or so of 1 s. Examples are thickened detergents, personal care products and latex paints. This is of course no coincidence, and this timescale is frequently deliberately chosen by formulation adjustments. The reason is that it is in the middle of our,... 

Di-n-octylphthalate (DnOP) is used primarily to produce flexible plastics. Diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) is actually a mixture of phthalates with branched alkyl side chains of varying length (C8, C9, and CIO). DiNP is primarily used (more than 95%) to produce flexible plastics and has been used to replace DEHP in some plastics. DiNP is now widely used in products such as children s toys, flooring, gloves, drinking straws, and garden hoses. The remaining 5% of DiNP is... 

Do you think that daily life would have been easier and colourful without the discovery and varied applications of polymers The use of polymers in the manufacture of plastic buckets, cups and saucers, children s toys, packaging bags, synthetic clothing materials, automobile tyres, gears and seals, electrical Insulating materials and machine parts has completely revolutionised the daily life as well as the industrial scenario. Indeed, the polymers are the backbone of four major Industries viz. plastics, elastomers, fibres and paints and varnishes. 

Asbestos was a relatively economieal produet for a mass market of commercial customers. In other markets better quality also achieves a better market price. This quality may also mean for customers being free of hazardous components (textiles, cosmetics, children s toys). 

Concerning the evaluation of PVC, users were repeatedly confronted with con-tradictoiy information. Comparisons in life-cycle-analyses (which in the majority of the cases exclude toxicological effects) frequently speak in favour of PVC, which does come off better because of its lower resource requiremeuts. The public discussiou about phthalates in children s toys, the problems involved in the disposal of PVC and the consequences of large-scale fires in stractures containing PVCs (such as the one at Diisseldorf airport) however, lead to a scandalisation both for PVC and also for phthalates. 

Merely one restriction was made relating to DIDP as the main plasticiser used in children s toys. 

Uses. Commonly used plasticizing agent for PVCs, which as such is a component of hlood hank hags, surgical tuhing, and other products including food wrappers and children s toys... 

Polyvinyl chloride can be shaped into clear, soft flexible tubing and sheets with the aid of using plasticizers such as diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Polyvinyl chloride resins are used for children s toys, automobile seat covers, and for catheters used for intravenous transfusion of blood and nutrients in hospitals and homes. When DEHP was suspected of leaching out of the products, and of being a carcinogen, substitutions were developed with polyvinylacetate and polyethylene. However, these substitutes are not yet totally satisfactory, as they cannot be steam sterilized, and they are not as clear and flexible as PVC. 

The use of photochromies in novelty printing is a signiheant commercial outlet. Because of their ability to show resistance to thermal fade rates fulgides have been the class most commonly used for this application. Typical uses are on children s toys and for logos on T-shirts. 

Besides their enamelled beads the Egyptians have left, as illustrations of their Bocial and domestic history, specimens of their draftsmen made of the same material, and various miscellaneous articles, that may have once been used either as personal ornaments, or as children s toys—the two classes of objects may often be grouped together—or for the various decorative requirements of daily life. 

Export Export growth in China is running at a staggering 20 percent p.a. The country already produces 21 percent of the world s textiles, driving demand for synthetic fibers. Other chemical-intensive export-driven industries include consumer electronics, children s toys, packaging, household appliances, and basic pharmaceuticals. 

Stringer R, Fab unska I, Santillo D, et al. 2000. Concentrations of phthalate esters and identification of other additives in PVC children s toys. Environ Sci PollutRes 7(l) 27-38. 

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