Domestication history

Besides their enamelled beads the Egyptians have left, as illustrations of their Bocial and domestic history, specimens of their draftsmen made of the same material, and various miscellaneous articles, that may have once been used either as personal ornaments, or as children s toys—the two classes of objects may often be grouped together—or for the various decorative requirements of daily life. 

The case of the common carp is peculiar, the species being cultivated since Roman times (Baton, 1995) and thus empirically selected over centuries. This long domestication history probably explains why little evidence of growth improvement has been reported in carp (Vandeputte, 2003 Vandeputte et /., 2008). Response to selection has been obtained for height/length ratio (Ankorion et al, 1992) and resistance to a bacterial disease, the carp dropsy (Kirpichnikov et al, 1993). 

Allaby, R.G., Peterson, G.W., Merriwether, D.A., Fu, Y.B., 2005. Evidence of the domestication history of flax Linum usitatissium L.) from genetic diversity of the sad2 locus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112, 5865. 

Myles, S., Boyko, Adam R., Owens, C.L., Brown, RJ., Grassi, F., Aradhya, MaUikaijuna K., Prins, B., Reynolds, A., Jer-Ming, Ch., Ware, D., Bustamante, C.D., Buckler, E., 2011. Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape. PNAS. http //dx.doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.l009363108. 

By contrast with the elusive though isolable HOF, the history of HOCl goes back over two centuries to the earliest experiments of C. W. Scheele with CI2 in 1774 (p. 792), and the bleaching and sterilizing action of hypochlorites have long been used both industrially and domestically. HOCl, HOBr and HOI are all highly reactive, relatively unstable compounds that are known primarily in aqueous solutions. The most convenient preparation of such solutions is by perturbing the hydrolytic disproportionation equilibrium (p. 856) ... 

Site history - industrial contamination, mining, domestic refuse, old foundations, cellars, tunnels ... 

Many fluids, including some that are encountered very widely both industrially and domestically, exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour and their apparent viscosities may depend on the rate at which they are sheared and on their previous shear history. At any position and time in the fluid, the apparent viscosity pa which is defined as the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate at that point is given by ... 

Chang TT. 2003. Origin, domestication, and diversification. In Smith CW, Dilday RH, editors. Rice Origin, History, Technology, and Production. Hoboken Wiley Sciences 2003. pp. 3-25. 

Tykot, R.H. (2006). Isotope analysis and the history of maize. In Histories of Maize Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication and Evolution of Maize, ed. Staller, J.E., Tykot, R.H. and Benz, B.F., Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, pp. 131-142. 

Fast, solid state, microwave-assisted, synthesis. A short history of reactions carried out in the solid state under the influence of microwaves was reported by Kniep (1993) who presented this technique as characteristic of a fast solid-state chemistry and described the preparation of CuInS2 by using a method first developed by Whittaker and Mingos (1992) and extended by Landry and Barron(1993). Copper, indium and sulphur (all powders between 100 and 300 mesh) in a molar ratio 1 1 2 were thoroughly mixed and loaded into a silica ampoule. This, sealed under vacuum, was placed in a domestic microwave oven and irradiated at 400 W and 2450 MHz. 

Among the endocrine organs, the testes are unique because they are suspended in a tissue pouch outside of the body cavity. The testes can be felt and these organs are vulnerable to physical insults, either deliberate or accidental. The effects of castration were described by Aristotle over three hundred years B.C. Removal of the testes or castration as a form of punishment or tribute dates to antiquity. Domestic animals and some cases humans were castrated to make them more docile. Castrata were valued as harem keepers. In addition, seasonal changes in behavior and the dramatic anatomical and behavioral events associated with puberty were components of the natural world (Bronson and Heideman, 1994). Thus, an awareness of a relationship between the testes and human behavior predates written history. 

Finally, it is of interest, not only to the student of industrial archelogical history, but also to the modern technologist, to refer to coal gasification. A few decades ago the gasification of coal provided a means of supplying communities with coal gas, a mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide, which could be ignited in burners and used as a domestic or industrial source of heat. With the discovery of natural gas... 

Mammals Perhaps because we have a long history of domesticating mammals for various tasks, the preponderance of explosive search to date has been by mammals, mostly dogs [6, pp. 165-174], though some work has been done using rats [6, pp. 175-193] and pigs [7], There have been two principal approaches used, which may be characterized as direct and indirect search. These techniques are discussed in detail in McLean [6],... 

Fluoridation of domestic salt for human consumption was initiated in Switzerland in 1955 [133]. Fluoridated salt usually contains 200-250 mg/kg of fluoride, mostly in the form of potassium salt, so 1 g of fluoridated salt provides 0.20-0.25 mg of fluoride [2]. The average daily adult salt intake is estimated to vary from 5 to 10 g [6] so, if all consumed salt were fluoridated, the total daily intake of fluoride would range from 1 to 2.5 mg. Salt fluoridation can reach the entire population, however, addition of fluoride is limited mainly to domestic salt, leaving salt used by bakeries, large kitchens, enterprises and institutions, as well as by the food industry, unfluoridated. Schemes of fluoridation of domestic salt are most developed in France, Germany and Switzerland [134]. Detailed information on the history and experiences of salt fluoridation in Switzerland, France, Germany, Central and Eastern Europe and America were recently reported [133,135-138]. 

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