Bags and Packages

About 60 percent of ethylene oxide produced is made into ethylene glycol (CH2CH2(0H)2). Ethylene glycol is used in antifreeze and as a starting point in making polyester fibers, film, plastic containers, bags, and packaging materials. 

The processability of the final material may also be improved, included here the resistance to chemical decomposition during processing, among other features. Examples of commercial blends are modified starch + PEAT (e. g., Novamont - MaterBi Com Products/Basf - Ecobras) for films, thermoformed and injection moulded parts PEAT + PLA (e. g., BASF - Ecovio) for films, thermoformed and extmded parts PLA + starch (e. g., Cereplast - Cereplast Compostables) for bags and packaging, injection moulded and extmded articles for food, pens, etc. 

These factors are important in relatively passive equipmrait, such as storage silos, mixers, and settling chambers. More active equipment, such as crushers, grinders, cyclones, dryers, bagging and packaging equipment, and certain conveyors can produce much more dust. 

BPI World (2013) BPI Certified Compostable Plastic Resins, Cutlery, Bags, and Packaging, http //www.bpiworld.Org/BPI-Public/Approved/3.html (last accessed June 2013). 

Some flexible packaging is fabricated by converters into bags and pouches. Bag material is either small monolayer or large multiwall with paper as a principal substrate. Pouches are small and made from laminations. Bags usually contain a heat-sealed or adhesive-bonded seam mnning the length of the unit and a cross-seam bonded in the same fashion. 

The production is primarily used for food (26.6%) and beverages (54.7%) however, some industrial appHcations (18.7%) exist, eg, coatings, polymers, and resins. (Historical patterns of use in the United States have been stable and are as noted in parentheses.) Over the past few years, the Hst price of malic acid has been stable. In the United States, the current Hst price for malic acid is 1.79/kg, deHvered and packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) bags (39). 

LDPE is nontoxic, and is commonly used in food packaging (qv) where Food and Dmg Administration requirements, such as 21CFR in the case of thin films, must be met. It is also used in packaging pharmaceuticals and other medical appHcations such as iv bags and tubes. 

Table 4. U.N. Packaging Codes for Bags and Composite Packagings ...

In Japan, sulfamic acid is produced and suppHed in crystal form. It is packaged in 25-kg net weight paper bags and in 600-kg, 700-kg, and 750-kg resinous dexible containers. The tmddoad price (fob Japan) is 1—2/kg. Three principal uses of sulfamic acid are in chemical cleaning, as sulfonation reagent, and for use in synthetic sweetener. 

Commercial coumarin is packaged ia polyethyleae bags and shipped ia ftberboard dmms. Coumaria is stable ia storage and does not require any special handling precautions. 

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