Export driven

With PVC being the main driver for chlorine demand there is increasing pressure on the need to obtain cheap power, salt and ethylene feedstocks. Export-driven EDC and caustic plants have some place in meeting world demand though with the need to export both chlorine, in the form of EDC, and caustic soda there can be occasions when these plants are vulnerable to low returns if demand is much lower than supply. Traditional locations for these plants have been in the US Gulf and the Middle East, but there are plans to site such plants in Venezuela and Australia with both these countries having a large caustic soda demand in alumina. 

Export Export growth in China is running at a staggering 20 percent p.a. The country already produces 21 percent of the world s textiles, driving demand for synthetic fibers. Other chemical-intensive export-driven industries include consumer electronics, children s toys, packaging, household appliances, and basic pharmaceuticals. 

The petrochemical complexes in Malaysia are export driven. The competitive advantages lie in low priced gas feedstock and large integrated plants based on naphtha. The resulting complexes are able to deliver chemical intermediates throughout the Far East. 

However, the shift of production to the Middle East was driven almost entirely by the availability of abundant and low-cost feedstock and investment capital, supplemented to a small extent by low-cost energy, but not by regional demand. The Middle East industries are stiU primarily export driven. Now that hydrocarbon feedstocks are less available in the Middle East, the capital will in future seek out alternative feedstocks based on cost and availability. 

Emerging economy Evolving supply processes Evolving trading process Risk he mg SC EE to EE Export Driven SC ME to EE... 

Caustic Soda to Chlorine Balance. In 1988, the ratio of U.S. caustic soda to chlorine consumption was 0.96 1 (see Fig. 39). Since 1968 this ratio has ranged from alow of 0.88 1 (1978 and 1981) to a high of 0.98 1 (1969). No single factor can explain these variations, since caustic soda and chlorine, with few exceptions, have different markets and are therefore not driven by the same economic forces. This ratio is expected to trend upward over the next five years, however, since caustic soda consumption in the United States is forecasted to grow somewhat faster than chlorine consumption. It is expected that this ratio will remain within the range experienced in 1970—1990. Because caustic soda is co-produced with chlorine at a theoretical ratio of 1.1 1, a U.S. consumption ratio below that level results in excess avaHabihty of caustic soda. This material is typically shipped offshore to fill a significant export demand, and in 1988, for example, net U.S. exports of caustic soda amounted to 7.1% of production. 

Where turbine-driven FCC eompressor strings are used, the expander-driven generator ean export eo-gen power for sale to a eommereial eleetrieal network. This arrangement is shown in Figure 4-146. 

Figure 4-146. Expander-driven generator can export power. Note the eddy current brake.

Figure 9.7 (a) The epithelial brush border cells of the small intestine concentrate glucose from the intestinal lumen in symport with Na+ this is driven by the (Na+-K+)-ATPase located on the capillary side of the cell. The glucose is then exported by a passive uniport system. (From Voet and Voet, 2004. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley Sons., Inc.) (b) Two Na+-binding sites in the LeuT Na+-dependent pump. (From Gouax and MacKinnon, 2005. Copyright (2005) American Association for the Advancement of Science.)... 

Another type of seasonally driven export event is associated with larger diatoms (>50pm) that grow vmder nutrient- and light-limited conditions at the base of the euphotic zone. These diatoms seem to imdergo a mass settling event, called a fall dump, in response to destratification of the summer thermocline due to seasonal cooling and early winter storms. These diatoms sink rapidly and are relatively well preserved in the sediments. 

In 1991 bile-acid secretion was shown to be energy driven by a 110-kDa glycoprotein that was dependent on ATP. This protein was subsequently characterised as liver ecto-ATPase by Sippel and co-workers. However, while further work with COS cells showed that expression of ecto-ATPase enhanced secretion of bile acids purified canalicular membranes lacking this enzyme efficiently exported bile acids showing that at least one other bile-acid transporter existed. ... 

AGA transporters found to be encoded in the production gene clusters of their producers are practically exclusively exporter-type systems. Otherwise they may belong to the large ABC drug exporter family or an ion-driven major facilitator superfamily (MFS with efflux-type transporter subfamilies). For instance. 

Current estimates are that three protons move into the matrix through the ATP-synthase for each ATP that is synthesized. We see below that one additional proton enters the mitochondrion in connection with the uptake of ADP and Pi and export of ATP, giving a total of four protons per ATP. How does this stoichiometry relate to the P-to-O ratio When mitochondria respire and form ATP at a constant rate, protons must return to the matrix at a rate that just balances the proton efflux driven by the electron-transport reactions. Suppose that 10 protons are pumped out for each pair of electrons that traverse the respiratory chain from NADH to 02, and 4 protons move back in for each ATP molecule that is synthesized. Because the rates of proton efflux and influx must balance, 2.5 molecules of ATP (10/4) should be formed for each pair of electrons that go to 02. The P-to-O ratio thus is given by the ratio of the proton stoichiometries. If oxidation of succinate extrudes six protons per pair of electrons, the P-to-O ratio for this substrate is 6/4, or 1.5. These ratios agree with the measured P-to-O ratios for the two substrates. 

The transport process is electrogenic if the export of one molecule coupled with the import of another molecule yields a net charge difference across the membrane. In general terms, transfer of A3- from the matrix and A3- into the matrix yields a net negative charge on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Electrogenic processes are driven by the membrane potential (A P). 

---