Forestry wastes

Furoic acid (furan-2-carboxylic acid, or pyromucic acid) is used as a bactericide, and the furoate esters are used as flavoring agents, as antibiotic and corticosteroid intermediates. It is obtained by the enzymatic or chemical/catalytic aerobial oxidation of furfural (2-furalaldehyde) the latter is the only unsaturated large-volume organic chemical prepared from carbohydrates today. D-Xylose and L-ara-binose, the pentoses contained in the xylan-rich portion of hemicelluloses from agricultural and forestry wastes, under the conditions used for hydrolysis undergo dehydration to furfural. 

Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic add also has tremendous industrial potential, because it could replace oil-derived diadds such as adipic or terephthalic acid as monomers for polyesters and polyamides [98, 99]. This diadd can be synthesized by Pt-catalyzed oxidation with 02 of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural the latter is obtained by acid-catalyzed dehydration of D-frudose or frudosans (inulin) the latter, however, are too expensive as starting materials, and yields from glucose-based waste raw materials are no higher than 40%. Therefore, the potential attractive option of furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid will develop only after an effident generation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from forestry waste materials has been developed. The same compound is also the starting material for the synthesis of other interesting chemicals obtained by oxidative processes, such as 5-hydroxymethylfuroic add, 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic add and the 1,6-dialdehyde. 

Third World Applications of Pyrolysis of Agricultural and Forestry Wastes... 

J.W., Pyrolytic Conversion of Agricultural and Forestry Wastes in Ghana-a Feasibility Study Report under AID Contract AID/ta-C-1290, EES, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Ga5July 1976. 

Gasifier From the various possible types the co-current moving bed gasifier was selected because of its tar free gas production and its simple construction [" ], As feedstock agricultural (forestry waste with a low ash and water content is preferred because of the high caloric value per kg. waste. The gasifier can be divided in four zones (see fig. 1) from top to bottom ... 

Edlund, U., Ryberg, Y.Z., Albertsson, A.-C. Barrier films from renewable forestry waste. Biomacromolecules 11, 2532-2538 (2010)... 

Transport Buildings Industry Agriculture Forestry Waste... 

Furfural or 2-furancarboxyaldehyde (F) was first obtained in the early nineteenth century and became an industrial commodity about a century later, to reach an industrial production today of some 280 000 tons pa- year [9]. It can be readily and economically prepared from a vast array of agricultural and forestry wastes containing pentoses (see Chapter 13) in sufficient amounts to justify a commercial exploitation. Examples of these renewable resources are com cobs, oat and rice hulls, sugarcane bagasse, cotton seeds, olive husks and stones, as well... 

Biomass. There are two predominant types of biomass starch and lignocellulosics. Com, wheat, sorghum, and potato are representative of the starch class, whereas agricultural wastes (such as com cobs and stovers, wheat straw, etc.), forestry wastes, and dedicated woody and herbaceous crops comprise the bulk of available and potential lignocellulosics. There is a general consensus that current and future supplies of biomass will not be a limiting factor in the production of organic chemicals (2),... 

Forestry wastes and residues Mill wood waste, logging residues, harvesting trees, cleaning land and shrub residues and... 

A number of different types of domestic biomass resources (also referred to as feedstocks) are used to produce bioenergy. These include biomass processing residues such as paper and pulp, agricultural and forestry wastes, urban landfill waste and gas, animal (including human) sewage and manure waste, and land and aquatic crops. There are basically two... 

Forestry waste (trimmings) can be used for wood chips while sawdust from the mills can be compressed into pellets and burnt in boilers. 

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