Paddy rice

The ammonium chloride process, developed by Asahi Glass, is a variation of the basic Solvay process (9—11). It requires the use of soHd sodium chloride but obtains higher sodium conversions (+90%) than does the Solvay process. This is especially important ia Japan, where salt is imported as a soHd. The major difference from the Solvay process is that here the ammonium chloride produced is crystallized by cooling and through the addition of soHd sodium chloride. The resulting mother Hquor is then recycled to dissolve additional sodium chloride. The ammonium chloride is removed for use as rice paddy fertilizer. Ammonia makeup is generally suppHed by an associated synthesis plant. 

Ammonium Chloride. Most ammonium chloride [12125-02-9], NH Cl, is used as rice paddy fertilizer small amounts are used in dry cells and as fluxing agents (see Ammonium COMPOUNDS). 

The discovery of chemical N2 fixation under ambient conditions is more compatible with a simple, complementary, low temperature and low pressure system, possibly operated electrochemically and driven by a renewable energy resource (qv), such as solar, wind, or water power, or other off-peak electrical power, located near or in irrigation streams. Such systems might produce and apply ammonia continuously, eg, directly in the rice paddy, or store it as an increasingly concentrated ammoniacal solution for later appHcation. In fact, the Birkeland-Eyde process of N2 oxidation in an electric arc has been... 

Controlling methane release from wetland, rice paddies and gaseous emissions from animals is more problematic. The release from rice paddies and wet lands is slow, intermittent and takes place over a wide geographic area, and thus very difficult to control. Gaseous emissions from agricultural animals contribute to atmospheric accumulation of methane due to fermentative digestion that produces methane in... 

Na is a very reactive substance which is never found free in nature. It is not generally used as an incendiary agent as such but, because of its tendency not only to float on w, but also to ignite spontaneously in contact with it, it may be added to napalm for use against river targets or enemy positions in rice paddy fields or in snow (Ref 7, p 103 Ref 4, pp 28-29)... 

Tejada AW, Varca LM, Calumpang SMP, et al. 1997. Fate of pesticides in a model rice paddy ecosystem. In Environ Behav Crop Prot Chem Proc Int Symp Use Nucl Relat Tech Stud Environ Behav Crop Prot Chem 1996, Int Atom Energy Agency Vienna, Austria pp. 265-278. 

Sampling sediment and water in rice paddy fields and adjacent water bodies... 

Data on weather conditions, especially temperature and rainfall (temporal distribution and intensity) in the study area are essential for the evaluation of the dissipation data. It is very important to understand the water balance in the paddy field as accurately as possible when calculating the rate of outflow. Records of changes in water temperature and sediment temperature are also helpful for modeling the behavior of a chemical in the rice paddy field. 

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