Litter/littering

Terrestrial biomass is divided into a number of subreservoirs with different turnover times. Forests contain approximately 90% of all carbon in living matter on land but their NPP is only 60% of the total. About half of the primary production in forests yields twigs, leaves, shrubs, and herbs that only make up 10% of the biomass. Carbon in wood has a turnover time of the order of 50 years, whereas turnover times of carbon in leaves, flowers, fruits, and rootlets are less than a few years. When plant material becomes detached from the living, plant carbon is moved from the phytomass reservoir to litter. "Litter" can either refer to a layer of dead plant material on the soil or all plant materials not attached to a living plant. A litter layer can be a... 

Effect Affected Fetuses Affected Litters Litters Examined... 

Effects observed after intermediate-duration exposure of male and female mice to chlordecone included decreased numbers of litters, litter size, and frequency of litter production (Good et al. 

Peat was far superior in terms of absoption capacity to the other litters. Litter should retain its absorption capacity even when under pressure, for example in a hydraulic manure press. 

Commercial PCB Mixtures. Doses of iOO mg/kg/day Aroclor 1254 administered on Gd 6-15 by gavage did not affect maternal weight gain nor induce developmental toxicity in Wistar rats, as evidenced by number of litters, litter size and weight, and number of resorption sites (Villeneuve et al. 1971). 

Females no significant differences between exposed and control groups in pregnancy rates, gestation lengths, number of pups/litter, litter size, viability and survival of pups pups from dams exposed at 1,500 mg/kg per day had significantly reduced body weight compared with controls... 

In a different use of a radionuclide tracer, Crossley and Witkamp (1964) studied the effects of naphthalene on arthropods and the breakdown of forest litter. They used white oak leaves (Quercus alba) that had been tagged with Cs by tree-trunk inoculation. The experiment involved placing different amounts of naphthalene flakes on plots of leaf litter. Litter bags containing the tagged leaves were placed on the plots, and the loss of s and the number of arthropods were determined at weekly intervals. The investigators observed a difference between the control and treated plots in the s retention in the litter bags. They commented ... 

Marine sediments incorporated isotope and pollutants (Fu-kuea et al. 1999). In addition, some other processes are going-on in seas only, which reflect human activity. First to mention is littering. Litter is present in all oceans and is a... 

Talaromycin A (a toxic substance produced by a fungus that grows on poultry house litter)... 

Special wastes. Wastes such as street sweepings, roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes. 

Methyl-2-naphthylamlne (2) A mixture ol 1 methyl 2 naphthol 1 (7 8 g, 50 mmol), NaHSOs (10 g 0 1 mol) 28% NH4OH (40 mL) and water (10 mL) was healed to 200 205°C lor 48 (1 The cooled solution was made alkaline with NaOH solution and extracted with EI2O The dned ether solution was treated with HCI gas to allord 2 hydrochlonde which was littered treated with alkali and extracted with El20 Evaporation ol the solvent gave 7 2 g ol 2 (S3%), mp 46 SQ C Recrysiallized from petroleum ether (bp 60 70°C) mp 49 50°C... 

Ethyl 4-Carbomethoxy>S-hydroxy-2>methyllndole-3>carboKylate (4) and ethyl S,8-dlhydroxy-3-methyllsocarb05tyrll-4-carboxylate (S) 1 (850 mg 5 mmol) and 2 (645 mg 5 mmol) In EtOH (10 mL) were retluxed tor 2 h After removal ol the solvent, the residue was tnturated with Et20 and littered to give 871 mg ot 3 (59%), mp 132 5-134 B C 3(1 96 g,... 

The floating debris and beach litter consists of many different materials that, tending to be non-degradable, endure in the marine environment for many years. 

Forest systems also act as sources of CO2 when controlled or uncontrolled burning and decay of litter occur. In addition, release of ethylene occurs during the flowering of various species. One additional form of emission to the atmosphere is the release of pollen grains. Pollen is essential to the reproductive cycle of most forest systems but becomes a human health hazard for individuals susceptible to hay fever. The contribution of sulfur from forests in the form of dimethyl sulfide is considered to be about 10-25% of the total amount released by soils and vegetation (12). 

The greatest challenge to polyethylene is not from other materials but arises as a consequence of its own success. The vast quantities of polyethylene used each year for packaging have resulted in an undesirable level of litter. As a result of public resistance and, in some countries, legislation, growth in the use of polyethylene for packaging may be constrained in the future. 

Removal is often enhaneed through methods sueh as solidifieation, freezing (i.e., iee or dry iee), adsorption or absorption (i.e., powdered lime or kitty litter), or melting with a low-energy heat souree (i.e., hair dryer or heat lamp). 

Deciphering the code. The language of computational chemistry is littered with acronyms, what do these abbreviations stand for in terms of underlying assumptions and approximations ... 

Crithmum m/iritinum is a plant growiug frecly Accctding to Ticrde the stems aud leaves On tb seeds On the other, yield essential oils, Ihc former to fl 3 per cent., and the litter to 0 8 ] ct cent. T lolioviing oharaciets. —... 

Torf-kohle, /. peat charcoal, -koks, m. peat coke, -lager, n. peat bed peat yard, -masse, /. peat, -mehl, n. powdered peat, -moos, n. peat moss, specif, sphagnum moss, -mull, n. peat dust, peat litter, -rauchge-schmack, m. fiavor of peat smoke, -staub, m. peat dust, -teer, m. peat tar. -verkoh-lung, /. peat charring, -watte, /. peat wadding. 

Tracht,/. load pregnancy litter (of kittens, etc.) crop course costume fashion, trachten, v.i. try. attempt, strive, trdchtig, a. pregnant. 

Wurf, m. throw, cast litter, brood (Mech.)... 

Limit the spread of the spilled substance by containing it with a dike. Use an absorbent material appropriate for the type of spill (e.g., polymer-type absorbents such as spill booms, granular materials such as kitty litter, ground corncobs, etc.). 

Implemented by robot teams, their algorithm has the robots move about a fenced-in environment that is randomly littered with objects that can be scooped up. These robots (1) move randomly, (2) do not communicate with each other, (3) can perceive only those objects directly in front of them (but can distinguish between two or more types of objects with some degree of error), and (4) do not obey any centralized control. The probability that a robot picks up or puts down an object is a function of the number of the same objects that it has encountered in the past. 

Effects on reproduction [size of litters/broods evidence of teratogenicity (physical defects) in foetuses]. 

In the situation where a similar application existed, the risk that the tools may have to be scrapped or drastically altered as a result of the testing is not high and is justified. The other reason that a production tool is made with no prototype tooling is because of the lack of lead time. Here the risk is usually not justified and the shelves of processors are littered with tools that were the result of bad guesses made under severe time pressure. 

Analysis of ESRB 7 mice showed fewer and smaller litters than wild type mice as well as abnormal vascular function and hypertension. The reduction in fertility was attributed to reduced ovarian efficiency. Mutant females had normal breast development and lactated normally. Older mutant males displayed signs of prostate and bladder hyperplasia. s -2-deficient mice furthermore display diverse regulatory defects in the function of brain, lung, and white blood cells. The results indicated that ESRB is essential for normal ovulation efficiency but is not essential for lactation, female or male sexual differentiation, or fertility. 

Although the OT system may be regarded as a key regulator of labour, in OT-deficient mice, parturition remains unaffected. Moreover, OTR knockout mice do deliver in a normal fashion, but the offspring die during the very first days of life, due to starving, as the milk ejection reflex is absent in these animals. These experiments show that the OT system is not essential for labour or reproductive behaviour (at least in mice), but for the milk ejection reflex, which is fundamental for litter survival. 

---