Tomato products

Corn-Ear Worm (Center) and Parts Recovered from Comminuted Tomato Product... 

Moisture Determinations. Because the moisture content of many fruits and vegetables is an index to maturity and quality, moisture determinations are employed extensively in the grading of raw fruits and vegetables, and in some cases— for example, tomato products—the finished item may be sold on the basis of moisture content. 

Free glutamates exist in certain cheeses (such as parmesan), in tomato products, and in soy sauce. These products are often used to enhance the flavor of meat dishes. Proteins can be hydrolyzed by heat, releasing free glutamates. Cooked meats, especially grilled meats, get some of their taste from free glutamates. 

GERBER M (2000) The Antioxidants in Tomatoes and Tomato Products, Report of a European Commission Concerted Action FAIR CT 97-3233, France. 

GIOVANNUCCI E, RIMM E B, LIU Y, STAMPFER M J and WILLETT w c (2002) A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene and prostate cancer risk , J Natl Cancer Inst, 94, 391-8. 

Lycopene is a bright red pigment that colors several ripe fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Tomato and tomato products are the main dietary sources of this carotenoid, although it is also found in watermelons, guavas, pink grapefruits, and in small quantities in at least 40 plants. - The absorption of lycopene in the human gut is increased by heat treatment, probably because the breakdown of the plant cells makes the pigment more accessible. ... 

Etminan, M. et al.. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 13, 340, 2004. 

Rao, A.V. and Agarwal, S., Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer, Nutr. Cancer, 3, 199, 1998. 

There are few naturally occurring oxidation products that do not belong to the families of epoxides or apo-carotenoids. One of those is the metabolite of lycopene known as 2,6-cyclo-lycopene-1,5 diol found in human plasma and at lower levels in tomato products. ... 

Visioli, F. et al.. Protective activity of tomato products on in vivo markers of lipid oxidation, Eur. J. Nutr, 42, 201, 2003. 

Freeze-dried tomato powders obtained from whole tomato fruits and from their pulp after centrifugation, containing 474 and 5399 pg/g dry weight, respectively, were developed for use as additives for food fortification. Cis isomers of lycopene were determined in only a few smdies. The 5-cis-, 9-cis-, and 13-d5 --El5-d5 -lycopene were the isomers found in commercial tomato products. The structures of lycopene cis isomers are shown in Figure 4.2.1 and the structure of the dll-trans isomer is displayed in Figure 6.2.1 in Chapter 6. 

Takada and Nelson [25] reported a correlation between PPT value and Bostwick and efflux viscosity of tomato products. Thakur et al. [22] also showed a correlation between Bostwick and efflux viscosity and PPT value. They also reported a linear relationship between PPT value and serum viscosity (r =0.979), described by the equation, Y = 33 X-255 (X, PPT value Y, serum viscosity). As juice from transgenic fruits contained higher PPT value, its higher viscosity values are in line with the reported literature. 

Kanasawud and Crouzet have studied the mechanism for formation of volatile compounds by thermal degradation of p-carotene and lycopene in aqueous medium (Kanasawud and Crouzet 1990a,b). Such a model system is considered by the authors to be representative of the conditions found during the treatment of vegetable products. In the case of lycopene, two of the compounds identified, 2-methyl-2-hepten-6-one and citral, have already been found in the volatile fraction of tomato and tomato products. New compounds have been identified 5-hexen-2-one, hexane-2,5-dione, and 6-methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one, possibly formed from transient pseudoionone and geranyl acetate. According to the kinetics of their formation, the authors concluded that most of these products are formed mainly from all-(E) -lycopene and not (Z)-isomers of lycopene, which are also found as minor products in the reaction mixture. 

Khachik, F., H. Pfander, and B. Traber. 1998. Proposed mechanisms for the formation of the synthetic and naturally occuring metabolites of lycopene in tomato products and human serum. J Agric Food Chem 46 4885 1890. 

Population studies associate tomato consumption with reduced risk to prostate cancer. The most positive associations have come from cohort studies performed before the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screening era, and these studies have suggested that the tomato/lycopene effect was the strongest for clinically relevant prostate cancers (Giovannucci 2007). Small human studies have shown in vivo antioxidant effects for tomato products but evidence for lycopene alone is weak (Chen et al. 2001, Porrini and Riso 2000, Riso et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2006). Animal and tissue culture studies have been... 

A study at the Harvard School of Public Health done on 48,000 men for 4 years reported that men who ate 10 or more servings of tomato products (such as tomatoes, tomato sauce, pizza sauce) per week had up to 34% less chance to develop prostate cancer (Giovannucci and others 1995). They showed that lycopene intake from tomato-based products is related to a low risk of prostate cancer, but consumption of other carotenoids ((3-carotene, a-carotene, lutein, (3-cryptoxanthin) or retinol was not associated with the risk of prostate cancer. 

Another possibility is the determination of the scavenging ability of 02 by measuring the reaction of the anion with a-ketomethiolbutyric acid (KMB) to produce ethane, which is measured by gas chromatography. Fresh and air-dried tomato products were evaluated by this methodology (Lavelli and others 1999 2000). 

Lavelli V, Peri C and Rizzolo A. 2000. Antioxidant activity of tomato products as studied by model reactions using xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, and copper-induced lipid peroxidation. J Agric Food Chem 48(5) 1442—1448. 

Derrick JW, Dumaresq DC (1999) Soil chemical properties under organic and conventional management in southern New South Wales. Aust J Soil Res 37 1047-1055 Dhiman TR, Anand GR, Satter LD, Pariza MW (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J Dairy Sci 82 2146-2156 Diver S, Kuepper G, Born H (1999) Organic tomato production. ATTRA//Organic Tomato Production... 

Ghorbani R, Koocheki A, Jahan M, Asadi GA (2008a) Impact of organic amendments and compost extracts on tomato production and storability in agroecological systems. Agron Sustain Dev 28 307-311... 

Mushobozy D, Khan VA, Stevens C (1998) The use of soil solarization to control weeds, plant diseases, and integration of chicken litter amendment for tomato production in Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 27th national agricultural plastics congress of american society for plasti-culture, p 279-285... 

Schonbeck MW, Evanylo GK (1998) Effects of mulches on soil properties and tomato production, soil temperature, soil moisture and marketable yield. J Sustain Agric 13 55-81. doi 10.1300/ J064vl3n01 06... 

Fuchs JG, Larbi M (2004) Disease control with quality compost in pot and field trials. I International Conference Soil and Compost Eco-Biology, Leon Gattinger A, Bausenwein U, Bruns C (2004) Microbial biomass and activity in composts of different composition and age. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 167 556-561 Ghorbani R, Koocheki A, Jahan M, Asadi GA (2008) Impact of organic amendments and compost extracts on tomato production and storability in agroecological systems. Agron Sustain Dev 28 307-311... 

Teasdale JR, Abdul-Baki AA (1998) Comparison of mixtures vs. monocultures of cover crops for fresh-market tomato production with and without herbicide. Hort Sci 33 1163-1166 Teasdale JR, Daughtry CST (1993) Weed suppression by live and desiccated hairy vetch. Weed Sci 41 207-212... 

SFE may also be coupled to GC and HPLC systems [28] for a simple on-line extraction and analysis system. Lycopene is determined in food products such as tomatoes and tomato products, using SFE coupled to HPLC with an HPLC column used for trapping and analysis. The method is short, requires small sample amounts, and has good linearity and sensitivity. Because the entire system is closed, there is little chance for the lycopene to degrade. 

Lycopene is the major pigment in tomatoes and is one of the major carotenoids in the human diet. It also accounts for 50% of the carotenoids in human serum. Tomato products are widespread in diets around the world and are highly prized for their flavor and color contributions. 

There is little safety data available for tomato products probably because they have been a major food for so long. 

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