Gum chewing

In sugar-free gums, sorbitol and xylitol replace the ground sugar and the com symp is replaced by sorbitol symp. 

During the preparatory phase of manufacturing, the gum base and the com symp must be heated to at least 60°C. Certain authors [2] recommend 90-100°C as appropriate temperatures. 

After kneading is completed the gum base is compressed at 60°C by extmders which drive residual air-bubbles out of the base. 

The chewing gum is formed into ropes or ribbons at a controlled temperature. The final shape (ball, sheet, fruit shape) of the finished product is produced from the air 

The shaped chewing gum should be cooled to 15-18°C by chilled air on a conveyor belt. 

The first pol5m er is prepared from e-caprolactone 1,2-propylene glycol using stannous octoate as the catalyst. The second pol mrer is 

The fact that biodegradable polymers may actually be configured into a suitable polymer gum base, facilitate the possibility of providing a completely biodegradable chewing gum formulation (42). Tradenames appearing in the references are shown in Table 7.9. 

Biodegradable hot melt adhesive (PHV/B) (37,38) Cozeen 303N Freeman Industries LLC 

Narayan and Y. Nabar, Thermoplastic and polymer foams and method of preparation thereof, US Patent 7 638 560, assigned to Board of Tmstees of Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI), December 29, 2009. 

Scheer, Biodegradable nano-polymer compositions and biodegradable articles made thereof, US Patent 7 927 532, assigned to Cereplast, Inc. (El Segundo, CA), April 19, 2011. 

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Applications for synthetic character impact items include cough drops, toothpaste, chewing gum, candies, soft drinks, baked goods, gelatin deserts, ice cream, margarine, and cheese. 

Acesulfame K. Acesulfame K [55589-62-3] C H NO S -K, is an oxathia2iae derivative approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose at a 3% concentration ia solutioa (70). It is approved for use as a nonnutritive sweeteaer ia 25 couatties (71), and ia the United States has approval for use in chewing gum, confectionery products, dry mixes for beverages, puddings, gelatins, and dairy product analogues, and as a tabletop sweetener (72). 

Terpene resins, because of their low odor and acceptable FDA clearance, are used as tackifiers for the natural and synthetic gum bases used in chewing gum. Selected petroleum resins are also used as gum bases. 

Gandy. In confections (1% lecithin) made with oil or fat, lecithin emulsifies and distributes fat ia caramels, nut britties, nougats, etc it also prevents fat separation and gteasiaess. It has a fixative action for flavors (35) (see Flavors and spices). Also, lecithin is an emulsifier and conditioning agent for chewing gum base. 

Clove bud oil is frequendy used iu perfumery for its natural sweet-spicy note but the greatest appHcation is iu the davor area iu a large variety of food products, including spice blends, seasoniugs, piddes, canned meats, baked goods, ready-made mixes, etc. As iu the case of cinnamon bark oil, its well-known antiseptic properties make it ideal for appHcation iu mouth washes, gargles, dentifrices, and pharmaceutical and dental preparations. Candy, particulady chewing gum, is also davored with clove bud oil iu combination with other essential oils. 

Rosin ester resins are used as modifiers in the formulation of chewing gum. The rosin derivative modifies the physical properties of the polymer used, providing the desired masticatory properties. The glycerol ester of hydrogenated rosin is the predominant choice, because stabilized materials have improved aging resistance, which extends the shelf life of the gum. 

Anticariogenicity. Sugar alcohols are not fermented to release acids that may cause tooth decay by the oral bacteria which metabolize sugars and starches (208). As a result, use of sugar alcohols in sugar-free chewing gum, pressed mints, confections, and toothpaste has been widely accepted. 

Xyfitol is approved, according to 21 CFR 172.395, for special dietary uses at levels not greater than that required to produce its intended effect. Xyfitol is used in sugar-free chewing gum to provide sweetness, softness and a cooling effect. 

Thaumatin (trade name Talin) is a very potent sweetener (ca 2000X, 10% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence). However, its potency is overshadowed by inferior taste quaUties. The onset of sweetness is very slow, and after reaching the maximum sweetness, a very long-lingering sweetness combined with an unpleasant aftertaste follows. Primarily owing to this poor taste quaUty, thaumatin is not considered a practically useflil sweetener. It is, however, used as a flavor enhancer, especially in products such as chewing gum. Thaumatin and thaumatin B-recombinant were affirmed GRAS flavors (EEMA no. 3732 and 3814, respectively). They are not approved as sweeteners in the United States. 

Cosmetics. Talc is widely used in baby and body powders, pressed powders, creams, and antiperspirants. Its softness, sHp, inertness (fragrance retention), and relative safety make this one of the oldest and most widely recognized appHcations for talc. Talc is also used in chewing gum as a detackifier and in tableting as a lubricating process aid. 

Linalool has been used to prepare a mixture of terpenes useful for enhancing the aroma or taste of foodstuffs, chewing gums, and perfume compositions. Aqueous citric acid reaction at 100°C converts the linalool (3) to a complex mixture. A few of the components include a-terpineol (34%) (9), Bois de Rose oxide (5.1%) (64), ocimene quintoxide (0.5%) (65), linalool oxide (0.3%) (66), tij -ocimenol (3.28%) (67), and many other alcohols and hydrocarbons (131). 

The principal commercial use of stannous fluoride is in toothpaste formulations and other dental preparations, eg, topical solutions, mouthwash, chewing gum, etc, for preventing demineralization of teeth (21—23) (see Dentifrices). 

Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (VAc), CH2=CHOOCCH2, the ethenyl ester of acetic acid, is primarily use for the manufacture of poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] (PVAc) and vinyl acetate copolymers. Poly(vinyl acetate) homo- and copolymers are found as components in coatings, paints and sealants, binders (adhesives, nonwovens, constmction products, and carpet-backing), and miscellaneous uses such as chewing gum and tablet coatings. AppHcations have grown over the years in a number of areas (1 4). 

Vinyl acetate polymers have long been used as chewing gum bases. They have been studied as controUed release agents for programmed administration of dmgs and as a base for antifouling marine paints (166,167). 

Ben /ben ate [120-51-4] CgH COOCH2CgH, mp, 21°C, cff , 1.118 bp, 323—324°C at 101.3 kPa , 1.5681. This is a colorless, oily liquid with a faiat, pleasant aromatic odor and a sharp, burning taste. It occurs naturally iu Pern and Tolu balsams, is spariugly volatile with steam, and is iusoluble iu water. Benzyl benzoate is prepared commercially by the direct esterification of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol or by reaction of benzyl chloride and sodium benzoate. The pleasant odor of benzyl benzoate, like other benzoic esters, has long been utilized iu the perfume iadustry, where it is employed as a solvent for synthetic musks and as a fixative. It has also been used iu confectionery and chewing gum flavors. 

Calcium carbonate is used in food and pharmaceutical appHcations for both its chemical and physical properties. It is used as an antacid, as a calcium supplement in foods, as a mild abrasive in toothpaste, and in chewing gum to name only a few (see EoOD ADDITIVES). 

Alditols are sweet. Xyhtol has essentially the same sweetness as sucrose sorbitol is about half as sweet as sucrose. In chewing gum, polyols provide texture, sweetness, and mouthfeel and reduce the iacidence of dental caries. 

Polyisobutylene and isobutylene—isoprene copolymers are considered to have no chronic hazard associated with exposure under normal industrial use. Some grades can be used in chewing-gum base, and are regulated by the PDA in 21 CPR 172.615. Vulcanized products prepared from butyl mbber or halogenated butyl mbber contain small amounts of toxic materials as a result of the particular vulcanization chemistry. Although many vulcanizates are inert, eg, zinc oxide cured chlorobutyl is used extensively in pharmaceutical stoppers, specific recommendations should be sought from suppHers. 

We now turn to the other end of the stress-strain curve and explain why, in tensile straining, materials eventually start to neck, a name for plastic instability. It means that flow becomes localised across one section of the specimen or component, as shown in Fig. 11.5, and (if straining continues) the material fractures there. Plasticine necks readily chewing gum is very resistant to necking. 

The homopolymer finds a variety of uses, as an adhesive component, as a base for chewing gum, in caulking compounds, as a tackifier for greases, in tank linings, as a motor oil additive to provide suitable viscosity characteristics and to improve the environmental stress-cracking resistance of polyethylene. It has been incorporated in quantities of up to 30% in high-density polyethylene to improve the impact strength of heavy duty sacks. 

The latex of the Sapota achras yields a thermoplastic material, chicle, consisting of about 17.4% hydrocarbon, 40% acetone soluble resin and 35% occluded water. The hydrocarbon appears to contain both trans- and c/s-polyisoprene. Although originally introduced as gutta pereha and natural rubber substitutes, deresinated chicle has become important as the base for chewing gum. Like other polyisoprenes, it is meeting competition from synthetic polymers. 

An alternative chewing gum base is obtained from jelutong, a mixture of polyisoprene and resin obtained from latex of the Dyera costulata. This tree is found in many countries but Borneo is the principal commercial source. At one time jelutong was an important rubber substitute and 40000 tons were produeed in 1910. Production in recent years has been of the order of 5000 tons per annum, mainly for chewing gum. 

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