Sucrose in chewing gum

Alditols are sweet. Xyhtol has essentially the same sweetness as sucrose sorbitol is about half as sweet as sucrose. In chewing gum, polyols provide texture, sweetness, and mouthfeel and reduce the iacidence of dental caries. 

Xylitol is as sweet as sucrose and has been used as a food additive. Because it does not induce formation of dental plaque, it is used as a replacement for sucrose in chewing gum. It appeared to be an ideal sugar substitute for diabetics. However, despite the fact that it is already naturally present in the body, ingestion of large amounts of xylitol causes bladder tumors as well as oxalate stones in rats and mice. Its use has, therefore, been largely discontinued. A possible source of the problem may lie in the conversion by fructokinase of some of the xylitol to D-xylulose 1 -P, which can be cleaved by the xylulose 1-P aldolase to dihydroxy acetone P and glycolaldehyde. 

Dextrose monohydrate is sometimes used as an alternative to sucrose in chewing gum, and in some countries this substitution is economically advantageous. The endothermic heat of solution of dextrose gives a cooling sensation in the mouth, a property that goes well with mint flavours but not with others. 

Acesulfame K. Acesulfame K [55589-62-3] C H NO S -K, is an oxathia2iae derivative approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose at a 3% concentration ia solutioa (70). It is approved for use as a nonnutritive sweeteaer ia 25 couatties (71), and ia the United States has approval for use in chewing gum, confectionery products, dry mixes for beverages, puddings, gelatins, and dairy product analogues, and as a tabletop sweetener (72). 

Thaumatin (trade name Talin) is a very potent sweetener (ca 2000X, 10% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence). However, its potency is overshadowed by inferior taste quaUties. The onset of sweetness is very slow, and after reaching the maximum sweetness, a very long-lingering sweetness combined with an unpleasant aftertaste follows. Primarily owing to this poor taste quaUty, thaumatin is not considered a practically useflil sweetener. It is, however, used as a flavor enhancer, especially in products such as chewing gum. Thaumatin and thaumatin B-recombinant were affirmed GRAS flavors (EEMA no. 3732 and 3814, respectively). They are not approved as sweeteners in the United States. 

Xylose is a common sugar found in many types of wood, including maple and cherry. Because it is much less prone to cause tooth decay than sucrose, xylose has been used in candy and chewing gum. Assign ft or S configurations to the chirality centers in xylose. 

Makinen KK, Chen CCY, Makinen PL, et al. Properties of whole saliva and dental plaque in relation to 40-month consumption of chewing gums containing xylitol, sorbitol and sucrose. Caries Res 1996 30(3) 180-188. 

Polyhydric alcohols include xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, lactitol and isomalt. Although these products generally have a lower sweetening power than sucrose, they also have fewer calories, only 2.4 kilocalories per gram of dry matter. They also do not cause tooth decay, and for this reason are mainly used in anti-cariogenic chewing gum and confectionaries. However, polyhydric alcohols also have an undesirable laxative effect that becomes apparent with excess consumption and as a function of individual constitution. Eor this reason, the European Union does not allow the beverage industry to use polyhydric alcohols as a sweetener. 

Aspartame (APM), H-Asp-Phe-OMe, a nonnutritive high-intensity sweetener. APM is about 200 times sweeter than sucrose. It was first approved by the FDA in 1981 as a table-top sweetener and an additive, for example, in dry-based beverages, dry cereals, chewing gum, gelatins, puddings, instant coffee, and tea. APM was discovered accidentally during the recrystaUization of an intermediate of the synthesis of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin at Searle Co. For commercial synthesis, various... 

A fructan. See Fructans, F-43. Prod, comly. by enzymic synthesis from sucrose. Isol. from horse chestnut (Aes-culus hippocastanum), Lycoris radiata, tulips and Leucojum spp., seeds of onions and roots of Asparagus. Low-calorie sweetening agent for food and chewing gum. Constit. of neosugar which improves the intestinal flora in humans. Cryst. (MeOH/EtOH) cryst. 

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