Chemically induced immune

What are the four characteristics of chemically induced immune reactions ... 

Characteristics of chemically induced immune reactions are (a) no true dose response, (b) repeated exposure to the chemical is necessary, (c) the reaction is not normally dependent on the chemical structure and so different chemicals can give similar reactions, and (d) the site of action may not always be the site of exposure. 

Loose LD, Pittman KA, Benitz KF, et al. 1978b. Environmental chemical-induced immune dysfunction. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2 173-198. 

Allergic to everything Allergic toxemia Autointoxication Candida hypersensitivity syndrome Cerebral allergy Chemical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Chemical hypersensitivity disease Chemical multiple sensitivity Chemical-induced immune dysregulation Ecological illness Environmental illness or disease Environmental somatization disorder... 

The last three years have expanded insight as to how lymphocytes respond to antigens or xenobiotics, and also the knowledge of the pathophysiology of renal diseases. This provides new clues on the mechanisms by which chemically induced immune responses trigger kidney lesions. First, we will discuss the general mechanisms that could be responsible for drug-induce immune nephropathies. The role of Thl and Th2 CD4+ T-cell subsets in the development of nephropathies will be also debated. Then, we will describe the types of immune nephropathy than can be induced by xenobiotics in patients. Finally, we will focus on experimental models of chemical-induced systemic... 

Chemical-induced immune disregulation - Interference with central tolerance - Activation of T cells at the periphery cyclosporine A, procainamide hydralazine, procainamide, heavy metals... 

It is important to remember that respiratory sensitization and asthma are related, but not identical, pathologies [31]. Asthma is a specific syndrome which appears to have genetic as well as environmental causes and there are numerous potential triggers which have been identified by immunotoxicologists [32], However, asthma is not the same disease as other respiratory hypersensitivity syndromes (sometimes referred to as chemical asthma, etc.) [33, 34], Various regulatory guidance documents have sought to deal with the latter disease entities to ensure that xenobiotics are assessed appropriately for their ability to induce immune-based pulmonary hypersensitivity reactions [35-37],... 

Immunoenhancement, which, as adverse effect, may lead to immune-mediated diseases such as hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. Hypersensitivity reactions are the result of normally beneficial immune responses acting inappropriately, causing inflammatory reactions and tissue damage. The two most frequent manifestation of chemical-induced allergy are contact hypersensitivity and respiratory sensitization, both of which can have a serious impact on quality of life and represent a common occupational health problem. Hypersensitivity reactions are often considered to be increased at such a rate to become a major health problem in relation to environmental chemical exposure. 

Finally, multiparameter flow cytometry has the potential to improve existing methodologies for the evaluation of immunotoxicological endpoints such as the natural killer cell (NK) assay and the local lymph node assay (LLNA) to evaluate innate immunity and chemical-induced allergic disease. Accepted methodologies typically utilize radio-... 

A review of the literature on chemical-induced immunosuppression in rats and mice, exposed during the pre- and/or postnatal period, was compared to exposure of adults. Five known immunosuppressants (i.e., TCDD, TBTO, DES, Pb, and diazepam) were reviewed. The data revealed that the developing immune system was more sensitive to chemical exposure than the mature immune system. Based on these evaluations, the authors concluded that it was reasonable to assume that testing only in adults would not provide a sufficient level of sensitivity to define immunotoxicity in the neonate 132. In summary, this chapter provides compelling evidence that the developing, compared to the mature, immune system is more vulnerable to perturbation. 

Development of models to assess chemical-induced allergic or autoimmune reactions is difficult in that both types of reactions are subject to complex processes, and are idiosyncratic in nature. Factors that must be considered include a large number of genetic as well as phenotypic, neuroendocrine, or environmental factors that are only in part related to the immune system. 

Genetically predisposed animals or induced animal models may also be used to study and predict chemical-induced autoimmunity. In induced models, a susceptible animal strain is immunized with a mixture of an adjuvant and an autoantigen isolated from the target organ. Examples are adjuvant arthritis (AA), experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental uveitis in the Lewis strain rat. Examples of spontaneous models... 

Aucoin, D.P. Propylthiouriacil-induced immune mediated disease syndrome in The cat A novel model for a drug-induced lupus-like disease, in Autoimmunity and toxicology. Immune disregulation induced by drugs and chemicals. Kammuller, M.E., Bloksma, N. and Seinen, W., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, chap. 12. 

It is possible to identify various factors that confer on chemicals the ability to induce skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. These include the capacity to gain access to the viable epidermis across the stratum corneum, to associate stably with host proteins, to provoke a certain degree of proinflammatory cytokine production by skin cells, and to be recognized by specific T lymphocytes. The effectiveness with which these requirements are met, and possibly other properties of the chemical that influence the vigor of induced immune responses, together with the extent of exposure, will dictate the degree to which sensitization is achieved. 

Bason CW, Colbom T. 1992. US. application and distribution of pesticides and industrial chemicals capable of disrupting endocrine and immune systems. In Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development The Wildlife/Human Connection, Vol XXI, M.A. Mehlman, Princeton Scientific Publishing Co. 

Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis Chemically induced diseases... 

---