Responses chemically induced

Persistent activation of PPARa can induce the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible rodent species by a nongenotoxic mechanism, i.e., one that does not involve direct DNA damage by peroxisome proliferator chemicals or their metabolites. This hepatocarcinogenic response is abolished in mice deficient in PPARa, underscoring the central role of PPARa, as opposed to that of two other mammalian PPAR forms (PPARy and PPAR5), in peroxisome proliferator chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Other toxic responses, such as kidney and testicular toxicities caused by exposure to certain phthalate... 

Irk, Af. Stimuli-Responsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Photo- and Chemical-Induced Phase Transitions. VoL 110, pp. 49-66. 

Immunoenhancement, which, as adverse effect, may lead to immune-mediated diseases such as hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. Hypersensitivity reactions are the result of normally beneficial immune responses acting inappropriately, causing inflammatory reactions and tissue damage. The two most frequent manifestation of chemical-induced allergy are contact hypersensitivity and respiratory sensitization, both of which can have a serious impact on quality of life and represent a common occupational health problem. Hypersensitivity reactions are often considered to be increased at such a rate to become a major health problem in relation to environmental chemical exposure. 

Are the procedures employed the least invasive and traumatic available This practice is not only required by regulations, but is also sound scientific practice, since any induced stress will produce a range of responses in test animals that can mask or confound the chemically induced effects. 

Mixed Lymphocyte Response (MLR) Assay. This assay has been shown to be sensitive for the detection of chemical-induced immunosuppression and is a recommended Tier I assay by the NTP (Luster et al., 1988). In addition, it has been shown to be predictive of host response to transplantation and of general immunocompetence (Harmon et al., 1982). 

Patrick E, Maibach HI, Burkhalter A. 1985. Mechanisms of chemically induced skin irritation. I. Studies of time course, dose response, and components of inflammation in the laboratory mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 81 476-490. 

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