Chemical substances articles

The GHS applies to pure chemical substances, their dilute solutions and to mixtures of chemical substances. Articles as defined in the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) of the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or by similar definition, are outside the scope of the system. 

Despite its low profile in the EPA, TSCA fines collected for violation of this complex scheme of chemical regulation have often exceeded those collected under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Much of this enforcement is centered on the information collection and reporting requirements of TSCA. Mixtures are not chemical substances under TSCA however, all ingredients within a mixture can be defined as chemical substances. Articles are not considered chemicals under TSCA. The incorporation... 

Quite naturally there is a certain amount of arbitrariness in this system, although the lUPAC nomenclature is followed. The preferred Chemical Abstracts index names for chemical substances have been, with very few exceptions, continued unchanged (since 1972) as set forth in the Ninth Collective Index Guide and in a journal article. Any revisions appear in the updated Index Guide new editions appear at 18-month intervals. Appendix VI is of particular interest to chemists. Reprints of the Appendix may be purchased from Chemical Abstracts Service, Marketing Division, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, Ohio 43210. 

DETECTING POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES MIGRATING FROM ARTICLES FOR MEDICAL USE... 

During recent years, there has been an increased focus on chemical substances including additives in many different articles such as shoes and gloves. In particular articles that come into contact with humans have been in focus. The concern being that humans and the environment will be exposed to hazardous substances from articles. 

The other type of legislation regulates the use of chemicals and also regulates the content of some specific chemicals in the final products. As example, the European chemical legislation REACH can be mentioned [5]. Annex XVII sets out the list of restrictions on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of certain dangerous chemical substances, mixtures and articles. 

EINECS European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances. This is the inventory of existing substances required by Article 13(1) of the Sixth Amendment. 

Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Articles on chemical manufacturing of either single substances or groups of substances. Wiley and Sons (Kirk-Othmer)... 

Casimir Funk had come from Poland to the Lister Institute in London, England to investigate the chemical nature of the substance in rice-polishings (rice bran) that cured or prevented polyneuritis in birds, a disease closely related to beri-beri in humans. His research in this subject coupled with his awareness of what were becoming known as diet-related diseases, the deficiency diseases, led to his review article of 1912 in which he coined the term, vitamine. Vitamine, to Funk, was actually a variety of chemical substances, organic amines, that acted selective-... 

For a defence of the view that chemical substances may be regarded as energy-complexes, and that this view is equally as valid as the older notion of a chemical substance as an inertia-complex, i.e., as something made vp entirely of different units or atoms each characterised by the possession of a definite and constant weight at a fixed point on the earth s surface, see an article by the present writer, entitled "The Claims of Thermochemistry," Knowledge and Scientific News, vol. vii. (New Series), pp. 227 et seq. (July, 1910). 

The European Union (EU) and its Member States promote responsible research in order to help society draw the maximum benefit from scientific inquiry and in order to protect the rights of citizens, researchers, and other members of society (EU 2007). All EU-funded research activities must comply with an ethical code according to Article 3 of the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6, 2002-2006) that states All the research activities carried out under FP6 must be carried out in compliance with fundamental ethical principles. No further guidance specifically directed toward the use of human data in the risk assessment of chemical substances is provided. 

Liver disease may decrease hepatic metabolism resulting in enhanced responses to parent chemicals however, for many compounds, metabolism is only slightly impaired in moderate to severe liver disease. Disease-induced alterations in clearance and volume of distribution often act in opposite directions with respect to their effect on half-life. Bioavailability may be markedly increased in liver disease with portal/systemic anastomosis (the connection of normally separate parts so they intercommunicate) so that orally administered chemicals bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism. Altered receptor sensitivity has been observed for some chemical substances in liver cirrhosis. When liver tissue repair is inhibited by chemical co-exposure, even an inconsequential level of liver injury may lead to fulminating liver failure from a nonlethal exposure of hepatotoxic-ants. (Several articles, as reviewed by Dybing and Spderlund 1999.)... 

In preparing this article, the primary chemical literature through July of 1996 was surveyed. Chemical Abstracts Subject and Chemical Substance Indexes through and including Volume 124 were searched. Throughout this article, the name and numbering style favored by Chemical Abstracts is used, and this style is indicated on Schemes 1-3. 

The FDA investigators have the authority to collect samples as described under the comphance program 7348.808. Samples of a test article, the carrier, the control article or test and control article mixtures may be selected and sent to FDA laboratories to determine the identity, strength, potency, purity, composition, or other characteristics that wiU accurately define the coUected sample. In fact, even physical samples such as wet tissues, tissue blocks, and slides may be collected. When the field investigator collects a sample of any chemical substance, he will also coUect a copy of the methodology from the sponsor of the testing facihty. The copy of the methodology will be sent to the FDA laboratory selected to perform the sample analysis. 

Member States or the Commission (via the Agency) can propose that the manufacture or use of specific substances is restricted, provided that a risk assessment has shown that the substances pose an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment. The risk assessment and the proposed restrictions must be considered within a set time period by a committee within the European Chemicals Agency (Article 67). The proposed restrictions are subject to a socio-economic analysis, considered by another committee within the Agency, and the opinion of both committees forwarded to the Commission. 

The European system for regulating synthetic chemicals, described in Chapter 5, is predominantly risk-based . This means that restrictions on the manufacture or use of chemicals must be justified by reference to evidence that there is a risk of the chemical causing a specified type of harm. REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of Chemicals) does not define the term risk , but the directive on risk assessment of new substances defined it as the incidence and severity of the adverse effects likely to occur [...] due to actual or predicted exposure to a substance (Article 2 of Directive 93/67/EEC). In the first part of this chapter I look at how risks from chemicals are assessed. What does chemicals risk assessment in practice aim to achieve Can it provide the reliable evidence needed for agreement by all parties on whether or not a chemical poses a risk My answer to this second question is no there are multiple uncertainties in chemicals risk assessment which lead to protracted debates as to whether a chemical poses a risk or not. 

In the present article the primary chemical literature up to the end of 1997 has been surveyed the Subject and Chemical Substance indexes of Chemical Abstract up to and including Volume 126 have been searched. 

This article covers the primary chemical literature published between the second half of 1981 and 1993 and contained in Chemical Abstract Chemical Substance Indexes, Volumes 95-119 inclusive. Pertinent 1994 literature is also included. In the following sections the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties, syntheses, reactions, and more briefly, the... 

In 1982 we drew attention to this problem in the article "What every chemist should know about teratogens—-chemicals that cause birth defects" (ref. 1). One year later we addressed the teratogen problem from the point of view of research chemists (ref. 2). Earlier, we have accumulated a list of over 500 teratogenic chemicals, proven or suspected, from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (ref. 3, 4),... 

Dr. Martin Pall of Washington State University uncovered the neurological biochemical processes that underlie MCS, and demonstrated a link to processes that are also relevant to chronic fatigue syndrome. He described the increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier as a result of exposure to certain substances and as a result of increased peroxynitrite level. The more this barrier disintegrates, the more chemical substances are able to directly enter the brain and the more sensitive a person becomes. Increased levels of nitric oxide in the body in turn influence the enzymes responsible for breaking down chemical substances (P450 enzyme). He published an article about his model, tide Elevated Nitric Oxide/Per-oxynitrite Theory of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Central Role of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors in the Sensitivity Mechanism, in Environmental Health Perspectives. It can be read online at www.ehponline.org/members/ 2003/5935/5935.html. 

Measurements taken at my workplace indicated that the ventilation was barely functioning, allowing chemical substances and gases to accumulate too much. Within a year I was once again very sick with very diverse complaints pain everywhere, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, intestinal problems, skin problems, difficulty thinking, and so on. Coincidentally my internal specialist read an article in the newspaper about chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE or psycho-organic syndrome). 

The Chemical Substances Control Law regulates chemical substances produced by chemical reaction excluding natural products. However, articles and substances regulated by other laws, such as the Food Sanitation Law in Japan and the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, and exclusively used for the purposes covered by such laws, together with substances used for research and development, are also exempt from the Law. 

REACH will oblige producers to register all chemical substances produced in or imported into the EU, above a total quantity of 1 tonne per year. Authorisation will be required for certain hazardous substances. The most dangerous substances will either be banned or progressively substituted by safer alternatives. REACH should ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment as well as the free movement of substances, on their own, in preparations, or in articles, while enhancing competitiveness and innovation. It should also promote the development of alternative methods for the assessment of hazards of substances in order to avoid unnecessary testing on animals. 

If the invention is a new chemical substance, a few countries will grant a patent on the product itself. If it is a medicinal, the number of these countries is sharply reduced. Most will grant a patent on the process of making the substance. But, if the invention can be defined not as a chemical substance but something else, say a shaped article, it may qualify for a product patent. If the invention is a medicinal or other class that is barred, perhaps it can be described in terms of a use that is not barred or in terms of intermediates or processes for making it and then patented to give useful protection. 

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