Polished rice

Jiang Bin and Zhang Huei-ping. 2002. Genotypic differences in concentration of Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic in polished rice grains. Journal of Yunnan Normal University, 22(3), 37-40. (in Chinese). 

Casimir Funk had come from Poland to the Lister Institute in London, England to investigate the chemical nature of the substance in rice-polishings (rice bran) that cured or prevented polyneuritis in birds, a disease closely related to beri-beri in humans. His research in this subject coupled with his awareness of what were becoming known as diet-related diseases, the deficiency diseases, led to his review article of 1912 in which he coined the term, vitamine. Vitamine, to Funk, was actually a variety of chemical substances, organic amines, that acted selective-... 

Eijkman. Beri-beri induced in fowl by feeding polished rice, and corrected by an alcoholic extract from rice polishings. 

Thiamine deficiency Is often seen as a nutritional disease In populations whose sole food source Is polished rice, resulting In beriberi. 

Inadequate nutrition and conditions which are complicated by malabsorption may lead to thiamine deficiency. Beriberi, a diet-deficiency disease, is especially prevalent in those parts of the East where the diet consists mainly of polished rice. The disease is characterized by neuritis but may also lead to serious heart failure. Recovery is prompt when adequate amounts of vitamin B1 are restored to the diet. Severe deficiency as can occur in alcoholics may lead to Wernicke s encephalopathy, often accompanied by Korsakoff s syndrome. Care should be taken with intravenous substitution with thiamine in these cases to prevent serious complications like vascular collapse with hypotension, respiratory distress or an-gioedema. 

Estrogenic effect. Polished rice, in the ration of immature female rats, was active " . Saponifiable fraction of the embryo, administered subcutaneously to female mice, was active " . Seed oil, administered orally to female mice at a dose of 10% of the diet, was active ". ... 

Reiss, M., and S. Pereny. Estruation effect of feeding polished rice on rats. Endocrinologie 1928 1 411-418. 

Potato is in the lower range of folate contents among plant foods (Table 14.1) as are other underground organs, ranking ahead of polished rice but behind green leafy vegetables and pulses. A number of factors may affect the bioavailability of folates from plant foods. These... 

TAs one might predict, mutations in the genes for the subunits of the PDH complex, or a dietaiy thiamine deficiency, can have severe consequences. Thiamine-deficient animals are unable to oxidize pyruvate normally. This is of particular importance to the brain, which usually obtains all its energy from the aerobic oxidation of glucose in a pathway that necessarily includes the oxidation of pyruvate. Beriberi, a disease that results from thiamine deficiency, is characterized by loss of neural function. This disease occurs primarily in populations that rely on a diet consisting mainly of white (polished) rice, which lacks the hulls in which most of the thiamine of rice is found. People who habitually consume large amounts of alcohol can also develop thiamine deficiency, because much of their dietaiy intake consists of the vitamin-free empty calories of distilled spirits. An elevated level of pyruvate in the blood is often an indicator of defects in pyruvate oxidation due to one of these causes. ... 

Beriberi This is a severe thiamine-deficiency syndrome found in "areas where polished rice Us the major component of the diet. 

In one form of thiamine deficiency, Wernicke s syndrome may be noted. Therein is paralysis, or weakness of the muscles that causes motion of the eyeball. Oosely associated with thiamine deficiency are dietary problems of alcoholism. The psychotic disturbances of alcoholism, including delirium tremens, frequently respond to thiamine and other B complex vitamins. Injections of thiamine often produce dramatic improvements in persons suffering from beriberi. Beriberi sometimes occurs in infants who are breast-fed by mothers who suffer a thiamine deficiency. Beriberi remains of concern in the Orient where polished rice is a dietary staple. 

Beriberi, Thiamine Deficiency. The recognition of vitamins and their importance to the health of human beings came about when Eijkman, a Dutch pathologist, was sent to Java in an attempt to cure an epidemic of beriberi that had appeared in one of the hospitals. Eijkman kept a flock of chickens on the hospital grounds to assist in discovering the disease agent he assumed was involved in the etiology of beriberi These chickens were fed the scraps from the plates of the hospital patients—primarily polished rice, the common food in that part of the world (11). 

The findings reviewed by El Boushy and van der Poel (2000) indicate that wheat and sunflower seeds, polished rice, cooked potatoes, potato flakes and fresh fish are very palatable feedstuffs. Oats, rye, rough rice, buckwheat and barley are less palatable, unless ground. Linseed meal appears to be very unpalatable. 

Abrasive milling removes the outer bran layer to produce partially polished rice or, after polishing to remove the entire bran layer, white rice. Rice bran or polish may be subsequently stabilized by heat treatment to inactivate lipases. Stabilized rice bran has found use as an ingredient in human-grade processed foods. 

The National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) of the Environment Agency of Japan is a well-established producer of biological and environmental CRMs. In this context, in 1991 Okamoto described the preparation of the multi-elemental CRM NIES 10 Unpolished Rice Flour [25], Unpolished rice, instead of polished rice, was selected as the raw material for this CRM since the former was used as a test material for environmental contamination. In fact, unpolished... 

Myung Chae Jung, Seong-Taek Yun, Jin-Soo Lee, Jong-Un Lee, Baseline study on essential and trace elements in polished rice from South Korea, Environ. Geochem. Health, 27 (2005), 455-464. 

Thiamine (= Vitamin B ) (pyrimidinylmethyl thiazole) dietary deficiency yields beriberi involving oedema, pain, neuritis, paralysis death detected by Christiaan Eijkman as polyneuritis in hens fed polished rice isolated from polishings by Jansen Donath... 

The peripheral nervous system disease, beriberi, caused by thiamin deficiency, has been known sporadically for nearly 1,300 years it became a major problem of public health in the Far East in the nineteenth century with the introduction of the steam-powered rice mUl, which resulted in more widespread consumption of highly milled (polished) rice. Thiamin was discovered as the factor in the discarded polishings that protected against the disease. 

If sporulation is insufficient, the same procedure may be repeated with commeal agar or potato agar, which is sometimes successful. If this fails too, a number of additional tests exist for the identification of dermatophytes, including urea hydrolysis, in vitro hair perforation test, growth on polished rice grains, temperature enhancement or tolerance tests as well as numerous tests for the detection of special nutritional requirements, e.g. thiamine, niacin. 

A lack of thiamine in the diet causes the disease beri-beri, a nerve disease which in past years was common in the Orient, just before 1900 it was found by Eijkman in Java that beri beri occurred as a consequence of a diet consisting largely of polished rice, and that it could be cured by adding the rice polishings to the diet. In 1911 Casimir Funk assumed that beri-beri and similar diseases were due to a substance present in a satisfactory diet and missing from a deficient... 

Property Hull Brown Milled Bran Germ Polish Rice Rice... 

In Eijkman s laboratory he noticed that some of the fowl he was experimenting with developed paralysis and polyneuritis, as in the dry form of beriberi. The director of the hospital forbade Eijkman from feeding these birds with table scraps which consisted mainly of polished rice. He therefore began to feed them with whole rice, after which he noticed that they regained their movement and there was no recurrence of paralysis. 

The idea that the birds had some form of beriberi was rejected by Eijkman s colleagues. His explanation for the cure was that the polished rice had some toxin in it which the unpolished rice did not have. This explanation was rejected by a fellow researcher, Gerrit Grijns (1865-1944), who also stayed on to study the disease after the commission had already left. He found that when the chickens were taken off the rice diet completely and feed with meat instead, they did not develop the characteristic paralysis, but if the meat were overcooked, then the condition would reappear. In 1901 Grijns showed that beriberi could be cured by putting the rice polishings back into the rice. 

The ability to induce disease states in animals by manipulation of the diet was established in this period. The classical work by Eijkman (5), in which a beriberi-like condition was induced in chickens fed on polished rice, was significant. These findings led to the concept by Hopkins that small amounts of accessory growth factors are necessary for survival and growth. 

Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin. The RDA of thiamin for the adult man is 1.5 mg. The vitamin is present in a variety of foods of plant and aiumal origin, as well as in yeast. The populations most at risk of developing a deficiency are chronic alcoholics in Western countries and those with an overdeptendence on polished rice as a staple in underdeveloped nations. The consumption of large amounts of raw seafood can also induce the deficiency. Thiamin deficiency in humans is called beriberi. The disease occurs in a variety of forms and causes different problems in infants, adults, and alcoholics. 

Beriberi associated with the consumption of polished rice diets was once widespread in the East, it still occurs in rural parts of Stmthea.st Asia. The thiamin deficiency arises from an overdependence on polished rice. Polished rice is the result of removal, during milling, of the rice bran which contains thiamin. 

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