Ethics Fundamentals

Both approaches share two fundamental utilitarian assumptions. First, utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethics that determines right and wrong by looking to the results of various policies. Second, they hold that ethics ought to be concerned with the overall, or aggregate, welfare. Deontological ethics (the word is derived from the Greek word for duty) rejects both of these assumptions. 

There are addifiortal situations in which ethical concerns can influence the dynamics of a mentoring relationship a fundamental aspect of the mentor-mentee relationship is that each has privileged access to the other. Mentees may be encouraged to disclose information about current or potential problems that could be damaging to their ovm career or reputation if widely revealed. Likewise, mentors might share a personal disaster to help mentees anticipate and avoid a similar pitfall. In either case, both parties have a professional obligation to the relationship to not exploit the other s disclosures. 

Because food is essential to life and can be improperly prepared or handled, it can threaten life. The purveyor of food therefore has a duty to provide safe and wholesome products to every customer. Given the fundamental importance of food, it is appropriate for any government to define and enforce this ethical obligation and thereby protect what many would consider the right of every individual to safe and wholesome food. 

Theoretical views concerning epistemiology and systems theory, ethical arguments (animal testing) as well as limited financial, time and human resources are important factors as reasons for these fundamental limits to realisation. 

The European Union (EU) and its Member States promote responsible research in order to help society draw the maximum benefit from scientific inquiry and in order to protect the rights of citizens, researchers, and other members of society (EU 2007). All EU-funded research activities must comply with an ethical code according to Article 3 of the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6, 2002-2006) that states All the research activities carried out under FP6 must be carried out in compliance with fundamental ethical principles. No further guidance specifically directed toward the use of human data in the risk assessment of chemical substances is provided. 

Independent ethics committees and the institutional authorities often modify the core ICR Local conditions, customs, interpretation of words and regulations may require some changes to the ICR It may be acceptable to describe Alzheimer s disease as memory loss however, removal of the section informing the study subject that other individuals besides the investigator will review his or her medical records is not acceptable since it is fundamental to ICH GCR... 

Fundamental distrust of the industry s ethics. The public realisation that research studies have been withheld from public view, or released in partial (and misleading) form, has created enormous pressures for industry to make information on all trials available via the internet. The delays in relabelling products, the precipitous withdrawal of widely marketed drugs and the failure to identify safety risks before approval (even when it was not scientifically possible to do so) gives support to the canard that companies put profits before people. And prosecutions of major companies for... 

Prosperity without pollution has become the fundamental environmental theme. Support for the new approach—the new ethic—must be broad based and includes... 

In order to focus the ethical analysis it will be useful to outline two possible future scenarios for the use of pharmacogenetics in drug development, a "business-as-usual" scenario and a "fundamental change" scenario. 

Treating subjects in clinical trials in an ethical manner is of paramount importance. Several fundamental ethical principles guide drug development research in clinical trials, including ... 

Each study component has an ethical aspect. The ethical aspects of a clinical trial cannot be separated from the scientific objectives. Segregation of ethical issues from the full range of study design components demonstrates a flaw in understanding the fundamental nature of research involving human subjects. Compartmentalization of ethical issues is inconsistent with a well-run trial. Ethical and scientific considerations are intertwined (p. 4). 

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