Chemical production facilities

Second, tied to perishability is the question of storage. Storage capacity is often scarce in chemical production facilities, as special equipment (e.g., tanks) is needed, which might additionally be dedicated to a certain set of products. Tanks can only store one single product at each point in time. Furthermore, if a tank needs to be used for another product, cleaning operations are required. 

Actually, before the Oklahoma City bombing, the anthrax attacks, and 9/11, OSHA and USEPA had already taken the initial steps to ensure safety and security in chemical production facilities and in other facilities that use, produce, or store listed chemicals. These steps were listed in OSHA s Process Safety Management (PSM) Standard and USEPA s Risk Management Program (RMP). Based on personal experience, having conducted VAs and modified VAs (wastewater) on both water and wastewater systems and having implemented RMP in a major U.S. wastewater system, we have to concur that these initial safety/security steps were quite effective. 

Type of Service. The type of service—quality assurance, methods development, or routine testing—for each instrument or laboratory is a general consideration, as is the question of whether several types of service will be required of the system. A quality assurance laboratory associated with a chemicals production facility has far simpler needs in terms of analytical capability than a methods development laboratory or one that normally analyzes biological samples for pharmacologically active compounds at sub-ppm or even ppb concentrations. On the other hand, the data storage and reduction needs of a quality assurance laboratory are usually much more pressing than those of a methods development laboratory. 

The cost of transportation has an important effect on the marketability of chemicals. For that reason, transportation, along with numerous other factors, is often a significant consideration in determining the location of chemical production facilities. In addition, convenient and economical access to water and rail transportation and the interstate highway system, as well as proximity to raw materials and markets, may influence the choice of warehouse and terminal sites for storage and redistribution of chemical products (see Plant location). 

From the perspective of one who has been involved in the negotiation and the various phases of implementation of the CWC for the past 20 years, one of the most interesting aspects of the RevCon was how a number of issues that were considered to be potential treaty stoppers in the end-game of the negotiations of the CWC in 1992, and that at that time might have been expected to feature very prominently at the first RevCon, did not cause major concerns. These issues included the declaration and routine verification of other chemical production facilities the composition of the Executive Council the initiation and conduct of challenge inspections the destruction of CW stockpiles and former CW production facilities and export controls on CW dual-use items. ... 

Information provided by former negotiators of the CWC. According to them, part of the ad hoc inspection proposal has metamorphosed into the current inspection system for the other chemical production facilities in Part IX of the Verification Annex to the Convention. 

The broad restrictions of Article I with respect to toxic chemicals are elaborated in the Convention, particularly with respect to the chemicals listed on the attached Schedules and related facilities and the other chemical production facilities (OCPFs) described in Part IX of the Verification Annex to the CWC. The basic implementation obfigation in this regard is set out in Article VI, paragraph 2, of the Convention, which states that each State Party must... 

Based on historical precedent and recent revelations of the chemical industry s suppression of incriminating health data on workers and communities living near chemical production facilities, it is unlikely the public will soon reverse its opinion of the chemical industry s ability to deliver products that are safe (Moyers, 2001). 

The large investment in chemical production facilities usually keeps them in production for a long time. Most of the plants that are running today will be running 25 yr from now. There will be improvements in efficiency and response to the demands to reduce emissions. Process design will play a key role in maintaining these production facilities. 

Given the above mentioned impact of past developments in chemical technology and industry on military CW production programmes, verifying the permitted uses of toxic chemicals and related facilities had to assume an important role in the overall verification system of the CWC. Activities not prohibited under the CWC are dealt with in Article VI of the Convention and in Parts VI to IX of the CWC s Verification Annex. While the first three of these parts are informed by the subdivision of toxic chemicals into Schedules 1 to 3, Part IX of the Verification Annex deals with other, unlisted, chemicals -so-called discrete organic chemicals or DOCs - and other chemical production facilities (OCPF), which might be easily adaptable to CW production. 

Toxic Industrial Chemicals Manufacturing sites, oil refineries, chemical productions facilities, Universities and colleges, hospitals, storage tanks, waste dumps... 

Are there industrial chemical production facilities in country/theater ... 

In the future, coal-fired electric power plants, in their off-peak hours, may also need to serve as chemical production facilities for various synthetic fuels. Coal-fired power plants have the capital-intensive infrastructure for mining, transport and handling the massive quantities of coal that will be required. At least 1 billion metric tons per year of coal would be required to replace present U.S. consumption of petroleum distillates by synthetic fuels [5]. For perspective, approximately 1 billion metric tons of coal are now produced annually by the United States, 92% of which is used by electric power plants. All synthetic fuels will require large quantities of hydrogen at high pressures. 

The actual attack on Iraq on 16 January 1991 as part of the United Nations s mandated effort to free Kuwait, designated Operation Desert Storm by the United States, escalated fears of a new chemical war to levels not seen since World War I. The initial air attack concentrated on Iraqi chemical-production facilities, bunkers, and lines of supply. While the air attacks were ongoing, daily news accounts addressed the potential for chemical and biological warfare. On 28 January, Saddam Hussein told Peter Arnett of CNN News that his Scud missiles, which were already hitting Israel and Saudi Arabia, could be armed with chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions.230 Vice President Dan Quayle, while visiting the United Kingdom, was reported... 

Integrated Raman systems can be classified as instruments designed for the research laboratory, for routine analysis, for process control, and for portable, field-deployable applications. Research laboratory instruments offer new and state-of-the-art capabilities in exchange for compromised reliability and frequent need for support from a Raman expert. Research laboratory instruments are extremely adaptable to address unanticipated measurement needs. Routine analysis instruments provide limited flexibility with good reliability. They are operationally simple and contain enough Raman expertise built in for technicians to carry out repetitive assays efficiently and reliably. Process control instruments are typically fiber optic Raman systems that have been hardened to perform in the more challenging environmental conditions typical of a chemical production facility. A process control instrument usually runs continuously in a fully automated mode. There... 

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