Field deployment

G. P. G. Kibelka, R. T. Short, S. K. Toler, J. E. Edkins, and R. H. Byrne. Field-Deployed Underwater Mass Spectrometers for Investigations of Transient Chemical Systems. Talanta, 64(2004) 961-969. 

Louch, J. Allen, G. Erickson, C. Wilson, G. Schmedding, D. 2003, Interpreting results from field deployments of semipermeable membrane devices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 1202-1207. 

When environmental conditions at an exposure site differ from those used for laboratory calibrations or when calibration data for an analyte are not available, at least one SPMD per site is spiked with PRCs. The type of compounds used for PRCs and their spiking levels were discussed earlier. PRC samples and standard SPMD samples (i.e., field-deployed SPMDs) differ only by the presence of the PRCs. Handling, processing and analysis are also identical. As implied above, the purpose of the PRC sample is to provide data for estimation of in situ sampling rates of target compounds. 

Based on the examination of analytical data from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), OCPs and PAHs spiked into SPMDs, which have subsequently been subjected to the entire SPMD analytical procedure described herein, recoveries are generally >75% with good precision (i.e., C.Fs < 20%). Surprisingly, the C. Vis for the analysis of contaminants present in replicate SPMDs deployed contiguously at the same sites and treated identically during analysis are often equivalent to C.Fs of SPMD spikes. This observation suggests that the variability of analyte sampling rates of replicate SPMDs in the field is small and that the analytical methods used for field-deployed SPMDs are robust. 

This book is dedicated to the memory of Jon Lebo. Jon was integrally involved in many aspects of the development and especially in the field deployment of SPMD technology. His untimely death cut short a very productive research career. Jon was a good friend and an excellent colleague, and we will all miss his insight and research contributions. 

TABLE 1 Metal-Based Permeable Barrier Field Deployments... 

Envirobond and Envirobric have been used at full-scale, field deployments. Envirobond and Envirobric are no longer commercially available. BNFL, Inc., and Washington Gronp International now own the rights to these technologies. 

In short, the performance of filter media must be carefully assessed prior to field deployment. 

The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research s Department of Behavioral Biology has developed a field-deployable version of a commercial Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) that has been widely used in sleep research. The software runs on handheld PDAs running the Palm Operating System (Palm OS). It is modeled after the simple reaction time task of Wilkinson and Houghton,57 as modified by Dinges and Powell.58 The Palm OS version incorporates additional stimulus, feedback, control, and data options developed by Dr. Thome. In laboratory studies, performance on the PDA task has been shown to be sensitive to time-on-task fatigue effects, sleep deprivation, and circadian variation.18 Field studies have utilized the PVT to measure the efficacy of caffeine gum as a sleep loss countermeasure. 

Thus, surfactant enhanced subsurface remediation is a mature technology for remediating hydrophilic NAPL, as displayed at the field level. These successful field demonstrations provide encouragement for further evaluation of hydrophobic oils with a similar goal of field deployment. To this end, the current research evaluated laboratory batch and column studies for surfactant enhanced remediation of hydrophobic oil contamination, including phase behavior studies, column studies, and evaluating separation... 

MacLeod, S.L., E.L. McClure, and C.S. Wong. 2007. Laboratory calibration and field deployment of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater and surface water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26 2517-2529. 

Hyne, R.V., F. Pablo, M. Aistrope, A.W. Leonard, and N. Ahmad. 2004. Comparison of time-integrated pesticide concentrations determined from field-deployed passive samplers with daily river-water extractions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 2090-2098. 

The crucial missing part in this scenario is the gateway through which these worlds will communicate how can the digital world sense and respond to changes in the real world Unfortunately, it would appear from the lack of field deployable devices in commercial production that attempts to integrate molecular sensor science into portable devices have failed to bear the fruits promised this problem is what we call the chemo-/biosensing paradox.4... 

During this time, there was an increasing effort to employ Raman spectroscopy as a tool in a field deployable explosives detector [41], Demonstration of enhancement of the Raman signal as the wavelength of the incident light approaches the wavelength... 

Electrode surface activation can be improved simply by electrochemical pretreatment. Determination of nitroaromatic compounds in water and soil spiked samples have been reported at electrochemically activated carbon-fiber microelectrodes. No interference was found from compounds such as hydrazine, phenolic compounds, carbamates, triazines or surfactants. The detection limit obtained can be approximately 0.03 iigml-1 for all the nitroaromatic compounds (Agui et al. 2005). Chen and coworkers reported an effective field-deployable tool for detecting nitroaromatic compounds with an electrochemically pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) (Chen et al. 2006). 

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