Transportation, rail

A primary requirement for plastic composites used in rail car applications is fire and smoke retardancy. 

During the last decade many new roofing materials were introduced which are applied in the form of weldable membranes, liquid curable materials, self-adhesive products, and torchable materials. These materials are produced from numerous polymers such as, PVC, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, EPDM, acrylics, bitumen, polymer-reinforced bitumen and several other materials. It is beyond the scope of this book to analyze compositional changes in these materials. We will provide a brief overview. 

The current market requires a roof which can perform 20 years. Many products are available to do this and more. However, it is becoming more common for warranties only being provided for a 5 year term. Among fillers, only carbon black is important in extending roof durability and it is used widely. Roof durability is related to the plastic behavior of many roofing materials. Efforts have been made to provide better reinforcement to prevent plastic flow and improve dimensional stability. 

The second requirement is to conserve energy. This is a factor in summer since winter insulation is done by other means. Many reflective pigments are in use with special emphasis on metal flakes which are becoming increasingly popular either as an additive to the roofing material or as a component of the roof surface coating. 

The third requirement is weld durability. Fillers do not appear to be involved in this process but concerns remain that inorganic powder may affect weldability. 

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Transportation. For short distances from the mine, transportation (qv) is by tmck or conveyor belt. Rail transportation is generally used for greater distances. Slurry pipelines (qv) ate being considered as an alternative. Rail transport over hundreds of kilometers results in loss of surface material in uncovered cats and a tendency to overheat in bottom-dumping tail cats owing to air infiltration around the cracks (31). Proper sealing and covets permit shipping over hundreds of kilometers. 

Data compiled by the U.S. DOT iadicate that pipeline transport is the safest materials transport mode, particularly over long distances. In 1990, fataUties attributed to oil and gas pipelines were significantly lower (8 out of 4679) for all materials transporters ia the United States, compared with 599 for rail transport and 3281 for motor transport (tmcks) (53). 

The cost of transportation has an important effect on the marketabiUty of chemicals. For that reason, transportation, along with numerous other factors, is often a significant consideration in determining the location of chemical production faciUties. In addition, convenient and economical access to water and rail transportation and the interstate highway system, as well as proximity to raw materials and markets, may influence the choice of warehouse and terminal sites for storage and redistribution of chemical products (see Plant location). 

Marketing Patterns. The cement industry has reduced its dependence on bag (container) shipments (54.7% in 1950) and turned to the more labor-efficient bulk transport (96% in 1990). In addition, the amount of cement shipped by rail transportation declined from 75% of industry shipments in 1950 to less than 14% in 1990. Table 11 summarizes the shipment distribution by cement type. 

Rail-transported coal is typically moved in unit trains that operate in dedicated shuttle seivice between a mine and a destination. Unit trains operating in the western United States and Canada consist of 100 to 120 lightweight aluminum railcars cainying upward of 121 tons (110 tonnes) of coal apiece, or more than 14,000 tons (12,700 tonnes) per train. In the 1990s, distributed power (DP) came into widespread use in the western United States. In this system a remotely controlled engine is put into the middle of a train, allowing greater traction and control of train motion. DP trains can consist of 135 cars and are the most efficient method of rail transportation of coal. 

In the early 1980s, Don Oris of American President Lines followed Kaye s lead. This shipper purchased its own double-stack railroad cars and did not rely on railroads to furnish equipment for shipping containers from the West Coast. Because it was now involved in both sea and rail transport, American President Lines saw the benefit of modifying the double-stack car design to fit all lift equipment at port and rail terminals. 

If practicable, a site should be selected that is close to at least two major forms of transport road, rail, waterway (canal or river), or a sea port. Road transport is being increasingly used, and is suitable for local distribution from a central warehouse. Rail transport will be cheaper for the long-distance transport of bulk chemicals. 

Rail transport from many pyrolysis plants... 

One day in the spring of 1937, Dr. ter Meer and Dr. Ambros began the search for another buna site that was to take them, four years later, to Auschwitz. The prosecution contended that the "possible war" turned their feet toward the East. Only one buna plant was in the Rhine Valley, which offered everything they needed water power, calcium deposits, economy of operation. In and beside the Rhine River were water and rail transportation to take the finished rubber to its nearby destinations. 

Pasture land and railroad rights of ways in connection with sugar cane operations offer additional opportunities for the use of herbicides. On one property of 100,000 acres, over 300 miles of permanent railway are maintained. Roughly half of this right of way receives one or more applications of a 2,4-D and TCA mixture each year the rest is burned. A cheap, nonpoisonous soil sterilant is indicated. All Cuban plantations have their own rail systems with similar problems, but permanent rail transportation is less common in other areas. 

Fruit Decay. Finally in the field of diseases are the decays of fruit in transit. Much of the Brazilian fruit is exported, giving a long period from harvest to utilization and in Argentina a slow rail transport plus the use of uninsulated metal cars adds to the problem. Stem-end rot (Diaporthe citri Wolfe and Diplodia natalen-sis Pole-Evans) plus blue and green molds (Penicillium italicum, Wehmer, and P. digitatum, Sacc.) are rampant, and while the Dowicide A (sodium orthophenyl phe-nate)-Hexamine (hexamethylenetetramine) treatment worked out in Florida is satisfactory, import difficulties stand in the way of obtaining needed materials. 

Military explosives may be transported by road or by rail, however, rail transport is normally preferred as road transport has serious limitations. Sometimes use of duly approved freight containers for transport of explosives and ammunition both by rail and road is resorted to. Under special circumstances, explosives and ammunition are also transported by air in Service aircraft... 

Cartridges containing only potassium chlorate were transported in safety to the site, where they were dipped for a definite time into kerosene just before use. Miedziankit was also manufactured by soaking potassium chlorate cartridges with kerosene in the explosive factory. Kerosene with an ignition temperature above 30°C was employed, to render the product safe for rail transport. According to T. Urbanski [76] the rate of detonation of Miedziankit is 3000m/sec in an iron pipe at a density of 1.7. 

LNG tanks for rail transport are by units of around 120 m3 net LNG capacity as shown on Figure 20. Vacuum insulated double wall tanks are usually used. Budget price 500 000 Euro. 

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