Operation Desert Storm

January 15. United States and allied countries launch Operation Desert Storm against Iraq, a military operation characterized by some as an energy war. ... 

Leishmaniasis is rare in the United States, but it gained considerable publicity here after a small number of cases were diagnosed in American military personnel who served in the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm. Each of these cases began with the bite of a tiny brownish sand fly infected with a protozoan parasite. There is no way of knowing how many other Americans sand flies... 

Macys D, Carpenter R, Risher J, et al. 1992. Results of a workshop on health effects of crade oil exposures related to operation desert storm Final report 14-15 Feb. 1991. MainTech Environmental Technology, Inc Dayton OH. 

To date, no published studies could be found in which modafmil has been used to sustain alertness or performance in real-world military or other environments. Although laboratory studies of modafmil conducted on military volunteers have produced promising results (see the next section), actual field data apparently do not exist (24), although there is anecdotal evidence that the French armed forces may have employed modafinil during Operation Desert Storm. 

Professor Christopher Cramer is the Distinguished McKnight and University Teaching Professor of Chemistry, Chemical Physics, and Scientific Computation at the University of Minnesota. Cramer has been at Minnesota for his entire professional career. Before coming to Minnesota, he served in the US Army, including a tour in Iraq during Operation Desert Storm. 

Sisk, R. (1997). Factors related to medical readiness in military reservists. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http // 131.158.7.207/cgi-bin/tsnrp/search studies.cgi id=134 Smith, B. (2004). Operational Healthcare Ready to care for our warriors. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http // 131.158.7.207/cgi-bin/tsnrp/search.studies.cgi id=258 Smith, K. (1999). Evaluation of staff s retention of BCLS and ACTS skills. Retrieved March 27,2007 from http //131.158.7.207/cgi-bin/tsnrp/search studies.cgi id=253 Smolensk , M. (1999). A history of the U.S. Air Force Nursing Service. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http //131.158.7.207/cgi-bin/tsnrp/search studies.cgi id=254 Stanton, M. (1993). Phenomenological study of military nurse veterans. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http // 131.158.7.207/cgi-bin/tsnrp/search studies.cgi id=41 Stanton-Bandiero, M. P. (1998). Shared meanings for military nurse veterans Follow-up survey of nurse veterans from WWII, Korea, Vietnam, and Operation Desert Storm. Journal of the New York State Nurses Association, 29(3/4), 4-8. 

During the 1991 Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm), it is estimated that 300 tons of DU were used in the aircraft rounds and tank-fired shells in Kuwait and southern Iraq over an area of 20,000 km (Bern and Bou-Rabee, 2004). Studies have shown that DU penetrators hitting armored targets convert 17-28% of a projectile s mass into DU aerosols (Bern and Bou-Rabee, 2004 Force Health Protection Readiness Policy Programs, 2008 Harley et al, 1999 Parkhurst, 2003). Of these aerosols, 83% are S-type (S for slow dissolution) oxides, while 17% are M-type (M for medium dissolution) oxides, and the respirable fraction... 

Gouge, S. F., Daniels, D. J., Smith, C. E. (1994). Exacerbation of asthma after pyridostigmine during Operation Desert Storm. Military Medicine, 159, 108-111. 

Rapid diagnostic assays fielded in support of Operation Desert Storm/Shield... 

Axelrod BN, Milner IB Neuropsychological findings in a sample of Operation Desert Storm veterans. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9 23-28,1997 Cherry N, Creed F, Silman A, et al Health and exposures of United Kingdom Gulf War veterans, Part II the relation of health to exposure. Occup Environ Med 58 299-306, 2001... 

Southwick SM, Morgan A, Nagy LM, et al Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 150 1524-1528,... 

Southwick SM, Morgan CAI, Nicolaou AL, et al Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. Am J Psychiatry 154 173-177, 1997... 

Depleted uranium munitions were first used in combat during Operation Desert Storm with great success. The British, French, Russian, and Chinese military forces have DU armor piercing projectiles for anti-tank warfare. Also, many other nations are actively pursuing DU munition technology. Therefore, the next time US forces enter battle, DU munitions may be employed by opposing forces. 

There are, moreover, other unsuspected scourges on the horizon. Thus, there are emerging viruses from the destmction of the tropical rain forests or from other sources. This subject has been explored, for instance, by Richard Preston in the October 26, 1992, issue of the New Yorker, and also by John Langone in the December 1990 issue of Discover. The findings are that some of these vimses are lethal, as the human immune system does not respond to them. The subject is covered in Emerging Viruses, the title of a monograph contributed to by a number of specialists and edited by Stephen S. Morse of Rockefeller University, and published in 1993 by the Oxford University Press. Moreover, there is talk that the Gulf War, that is. Operation Desert Storm, may have unleashed its own brands of lethal viruses from the sands of the desert. 

Rapid and intense teaching programs helped prepare our medical healthcare providers, so that by the onset of Operation Desert Storm, they were as ready as any military medical personnel might be to go to war. Hundreds of thousands of troops were supplied with chemical pretreatment and therapeutic agents and thousands were immunized against anthrax and the botulinum toxins, the two most likely biological... 

The actual attack on Iraq on 16 January 1991 as part of the United Nations s mandated effort to free Kuwait, designated Operation Desert Storm by the United States, escalated fears of a new chemical war to levels not seen since World War I. The initial air attack concentrated on Iraqi chemical-production facilities, bunkers, and lines of supply. While the air attacks were ongoing, daily news accounts addressed the potential for chemical and biological warfare. On 28 January, Saddam Hussein told Peter Arnett of CNN News that his Scud missiles, which were already hitting Israel and Saudi Arabia, could be armed with chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions.230 Vice President Dan Quayle, while visiting the United Kingdom, was reported... 

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