Cattle manure

In Switzerland, it was found that over a period of 6 years, the capacity of the soil in the plots fertilised with organic cattle manure to supply N to plants was greatly increased compared to soils which had been fertilised with artificial fertilisers (Langmeier, et al., 2000). 

Langmeier, M., Oberson, A., Dubois, D., Mader, P. Frossard, E. (2000) N fertiliser efficiency of cattle manure. Part 2 Influence of farming system. Proceedings of the 13th International IFOAM Scientif ic Conference, Basel, Switzerland, p. 82. 

Stored solid manures acts as a source of N20 production/consumption and emission. Covering heaped manure shows reduction in NH3 emissions but has no effect on N20 emission, while other studies showed that both were reduced. The addition of chopped straw reduced N20 emission by 32% from the small scale of cattle manure. [54], Slurry or liquid manure with no cover showed negligible N20 release, while slurry with straw cover might act as a source of emission [55]. N20 emission occurs following manure application to soil [56], Various factors that affect N20 release from soil include (i) type of manure, (ii) soil type, (iii) manure composition, (iv) measurement period, (v) timing of manure application, (vi) amount of manure applied, and (vii) method of application. 

In many cases, the incorporation of organic matter in the soil may be a beneficial alternative to chemicals for plant disease control. Lor example, Viana et al. (2000) reported that matured cattle manure and sugarcane husks are efficient alternatives for control of bean damping-off (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Larmyard manure applied at 5 t/ha once every three years reduced dry root rot (Macrophominaphaseolina) to 32% in groundnut (Arachis... 

Parham JA, Deng SP, Raun WR, Johnson GV (2002) Long-term cattle manure application in soil. I. Effect on soil phosphorus levels, microbial biomass C, and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities. Biol Fertil Soils 35 328-337... 

Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Takenaka S (2007) Effects of cattle manure and green manure on the microbial community structure in upland soil determined by denaturing gradient gel electro-horesis. Microbes Environ 22 327-335... 

Mnkeni PNS, MacKenzie AF (1985) Retention of ortho- and polyphosphates in some Quebec soils as affected by added organic residues and calcium carbonate. Can J Soil Sci 65 575-585 Ogaard AF (1996) Effect of fresh and composted cattle manure on phosphorus retention in soil. 

The first commercial power plant to burn cattle manure to generate electricity was established in the Imperial Valley of southern California in 1987. The plant had a capacity of about 17 megawatts and supplied electricity to 20,000 homes. The manure is burned to produce steam for the generator. 

BEAUCHAMP, E.G., KIDD, G.E. and IHURTELL, G. (1982). Ammonia volatilisation from liquid dairy cattle manure in the field. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 62, 11-19. 

Natural floating cmsts arise preponderantly on cattle manure. The coarse sohds form here... 

Natural floating crusts in a tank containing at least 50% cattle manure get 60 to 85% efficiency and 25 points can be accepted. 

The cattle manure with about 25 p.c. dry matter content and the litter is transported by trailer to the reception hopper for manure and solid organic wastes. From here manure will be delivered by a bucket elevator, with the help of feed screw conveyor into the digester tower made of anticorrosive steel. The slurry and the sewage water mixed with faeces will be pumped into the digester. 

Formic acid was identified as a constituent in a variety of composted organic wastes. Detectable concentrations were reported in 16 of 21 composts extracted with water. Concentrations ranged from 0.02 mmoFkg in a sawdust + dairy cattle manure to 30.65 mmoFkg in fresh dairy manure. The overall average concentration was 9.64 mmoEkg (Baziramakenga and Simard, 1998). 

Fjeld, J. and K. Myhr (1994). Cattle manure type and effects of wheel traffic on ley yield and nutrient content in soil and seep water. Norsk landbruksforskning. 15-29. 

E. coli 0157 H7 in 13% of fresh cattle manure, 21% of fresh sheep manure, and 12% in fresh swine manure. 

Campylobacter jejuni is a normal commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry, pigs, and cattle. In a 12-month abattoir study, Milnes et al. (2007) determined the fecal carriage of thermophilic Campylobacter to be 54.6% in cattle, 43.8% in sheep, and 69.3% in swine. Hutchison et al. (2004) isolated Campylobacter from 13% of fresh cattle manure, 14% of swine manure, 19% of fresh poultry manure, and 21% of fresh sheep manure levels in stored manure were significantly lower. Human carriers also represent significant vehicle by which the pathogen can be transferred to foods. 

C. jejuni persistence in manure has traditionally thought to be comparatively low, being 3 days in cattle manure and 2 days in sewage (Hutchison et al., 2005). However, in field studies, Campylobacter has been detected in undisturbed liquid swine manure held in tanks for several weeks, and storage under winter conditions (frozen surface) prolongs survival (Huber, unpublished results). 

Soupir, M. L., Mostaghimi, S., Yagow, E. R., Hagedorn, C., and Vaughan, D. H. (2006). Transport of faecal bacteria from poultry litter and cattle manures applied to pastureland. Water Air Soil Pollut. 169, 125-136. 

A common source of organic phosphorus is bone meal (approximately 9-14% P) and bone ash (approximately 18%). The bird excrement guano contains about 2-3% P as ammonium and calcium phosphates. Fresh solid dairy cattle manure has approximately 0.13% P (moisture = 81.7%), and solid swine manure has about 0.33% P (moisture = 71.8%), which will be in both organic and mineral forms. 

A Small cattle feedlot where animals were supplied with feed containing 240 g tylosin per ton of feed. 2.1% in field soils but as high as 25.8% in cattle manure... 

Earthworm, Eisenia foetida From sewage treatment plant sludge containing 299-650 mg Cr/kg Whole less gut 2 weeks residence 28 weeks residence Grain fed worms Feeding on cattle manures... 

Figure 4.3. Gel permeation chromatograms of humic acids isolated from a soil either unamended (A) or amended with 25tha 1yr 1 of cattle manure for 4 years (B) and 25, 50, and 100tha 1yr 1 of sewage sludge for 4 years (C, D, and E, respectively). Reprinted from Piccolo, A., Zaccheo, E, and Genevini, P. G. (1992). Chemical characterization of humic substances extracted from organic-waste-amended soils. Bioresource Technol. 40, 275-282, with permission from Elsevier.

TABLE 4.3. Acidic Functional Group Contents of Humic Acids (HAs) and Fnlvic Acids (FAs) Isolated from Cattle Manure (CM), Sewage Sludge (SS), Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSWC), Liquid Swine Manure (LSM), Soils Amended with 25tha 1yr 1 of CM for 4 Years (SO + CM25), 25,50, and lOOtha yr1 of SS for 4 Years (SO + SS25,... 

Francioso et al. (2000) used spectroscopic methods to investigate molecular changes in SOM treated with different residues. The experiment consisted of soil treated over a 22-year period with different amendments cattle manure, cow slurries, and crop residues. The presence of a new band at 1640 cm1 (SOM from cattle manure amended soil), described as either NH2 bending or amide 1 motions, was supported by an increase of total organic N concentration. The increase of absorption at 1409 cm1 (phenolic components) was more intense in the SOM sampled from soil amended with cattle manure. These results, in addition of other spectro-... 

Gorodecki, B., Hadar, Y. Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii in container media containing composted separated cattle manure and composted grape marc. CropProt 1990 9 271-274. 

Only organic fertilizers can be used in organic farming. To make sure that the nitrogen is available to the plants at the time of greatest need, it is important to take into account the time needed to convert the nitrogen to a form that is available to the plant (speed of action). The speed of action depends on the fertilizer, the soil conditions and the weather. Farm manures can also be used, except for blueberries. Only 10% of the total nitrogen in compost and 50% of that in cattle manure can be included in the nutrient balance in the first year. In the case of other nutrients, 100% is included. 

Hao X. and Chang C. (2002) Does long-term heavy cattle manure application increase salinity of a clay loam soil in semi-arid southern Alberta Agr. Ecosys. Environ. 1934, 1-16. 

---