Liquid manure

DUngesalz, n. saline manure, fertilizer salt. Dung-fabrik, /. fertilizer factory, -jauche, /, dung water, liquid manure, -mittsl, n. manure, fertilizer, -pulver, n. powdered manure, poudrette. salz, n. saline manure, fertilizer salt. 

Guile,/, liquid manure (esp., a kind formed by the decomposition of animal refuse), gultig, a. valid, binding, in force, legal, good, current applicable available (Mining) specif., auriferous. 

Jauche, /. dung water, liquid manure (Med.) ichor. 

The values quoted above are for FYM from overwintered cattle, but the method of housing influences nutrient loss. With cattle in covered yards sufficient bedding must be used to absorb the liquid manure and there is little or no drainage the dung is kept well compressed by the animals and fermentation is reduced to a minimum. Under such conditions very little loss takes place. 

With cattle kept in open yards it is impossible to provide enough straw to absorb both the liquid manure and the rain falling into the yard, with the result that if the N and K are to be saved then drainage and storage of the liquid has to be provided. 

The escape of liquid manure and urine which contains a high proportion of the soluble nitrogen and the potassium. 

Liquid manure and slurry are often used on one or two grass fields that are close to the farm buildings. If possible this should be applied on a damp day, rather than on a dry, windy day when more ammonia will be lost. 

Three of five men, who lost consciousness within a few minutes of entering a partially drained underground liquid manure storage tank, died before reaching the hospital autopsy showed that two had massive liquid manure pulmonary aspiration, while the third had fulminant pulmonary edema without manure aspiration (Osbem and Crapo 1981). Markedly elevated heart-blood sulfide-ion levels indicated significant hydrogen sulfide exposure. Air samples analyzed about a week after the accident detected only 76 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, but the study authors noted that the environmental conditions were probably different (e g., warmer weather, less-concentrated manure). 

Donham KJ, Knapp LW, Monson R, et al. 1982b. Acute toxic exposure to gases from liquid manure. J OccupMed 24 142-145. 

Hagley SR, South DL. 1983. Fatal inhalation of liquid manure gas. Med J Aust 2 459-460. 

Osbem LN, Crapo RO. 1981. Dung lung A report of toxic exposure to liquid manure. Arm Intern Med 95 312-314. 

Stored solid manures acts as a source of N20 production/consumption and emission. Covering heaped manure shows reduction in NH3 emissions but has no effect on N20 emission, while other studies showed that both were reduced. The addition of chopped straw reduced N20 emission by 32% from the small scale of cattle manure. [54], Slurry or liquid manure with no cover showed negligible N20 release, while slurry with straw cover might act as a source of emission [55]. N20 emission occurs following manure application to soil [56], Various factors that affect N20 release from soil include (i) type of manure, (ii) soil type, (iii) manure composition, (iv) measurement period, (v) timing of manure application, (vi) amount of manure applied, and (vii) method of application. 

It is normally found in Europe and Madagascar. The natural reservoir is pigs. It is a highly infectious disease that is similar to polio in humans. It can survive in the environment for more than 5 months and can survive even longer in liquid manure. 

Secondary sources of PCDD/PCDFs, their reservoirs, are those matrices where they are already present, either in the environment or as products. Product reservoirs include PCP-treated wood, PCB-containing transformers and sewage sludge, compost and liquid manure, which can be used as fertilizers in agriculture and gardens. Reservoirs in the environment are, for example, landfills and waste dumps, contaminated soils (mainly from former chemical production or handling sites), and contaminated sediments (especially in harbours and rivers with industries discharging directly to the waterways). 

Accumulates in sewage sludges or sediment Degradation rate of tetracycline in liquid manure is approximately 50% in 5 months Photodescomposition... 

K Anabolic steroid fertilized with liquid manure fertilization, not detectable... 

The collection and evaluation of different liquid manure sampling and analytical methods to obtain comparable results. 

To evaluate the treatment of liquid manure by aerobic and anaerobic biological systems. To determine the parameters which control treatment and its efficiency in controlling odours and the costs of treatment. 

To quantify odour reduction by aerobic and anaerobic treatment of liquid manures. 

Liquid manure contains quite a lot of volatile compounds. Each of them can contribute to the odour emission. Sometimes this contribution can be neglected as is the case with acetic acid. 

On the other hand there is sometimes the risk that odour reduction increases the volatilization of ammonia. This can be the case with under cage diying of poultry manure or with anaerobic digestion of liquid manure. 

The average liquid manure production per hen amounts to about 80 litres, with ca 12% dry matter, per year. If we start out from a hen farm with 25,000 laying hens and a required storage capacity of 6 months, this means a silo or pit of 1,000 m3. Apart from... 

In recent years many stalls have been equipped with batteries with manure belts. This type of battery is based on the processing of liquid manure. By removing the manure from the belts 2-3 times a week and storing it in properly closed cellars, good stall hygiene can be achieved. 

The better the odour reduction efficiency of the covering the higher the investment. Regarding the utilization period the costs per cubic meter liquid manure (and with that also per fattening pig) are about -0,3 DM per m3 for a 25-point-covering and -0,5 DM per m3 for a 40-point-covering. 

Totally the discussed coverings are useful possibilities to control immissions. For a lot of farms located in villages or in a short distance to residential quarters an effective covering on the liquid manure storing tanks is the only convenient possibility to get restocking permitted. 

---