Manures green

The cultivation of crops that are not devoted to selling or feeding purposes is commonly understood as green manuring. Older definitions focused more on the fertilising aspects that were achieved by incorporation of crops in an immature stage. More recent understandings 

Perennial farming systems with tree, bush or vine crops also provide niches for short and longer term intercropping. In addition to the use of cover crops on the orchard floor of many crops including apples (Hartley ef al. 2000) and wine grapes (Bugg ef al. 1996), plantings of commercially and environmentally valuable species within or around the orchard have also been used for pollination, disease and pest control (Finckh and Wolfe 1998, Altieri 1999) in crops such as such as leeks (Baumann ef al. 2001) and carrots (Brandsseter and Riley 2002). 

forage legumes G, grain legumes N, non-legumes C, cover crops U, undersowings. 

Crop Year Incompatibility Viruses Fungi Nematodes Insects 

Farm structure Legumes Cereals Root crops Cover crops 

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GrUn-malz, n. green malt, -mist, m. green manure, -ol, n. green oil (anthracene oil), -rost, m. verdigris, griinrostig, a. (a)eruginous. 

King (1926) discussing the highly intensive systems of farming in China, Japan and Korea repeatedly mentioned the importance of clover as a green manure before rice. The clover was cut, saturated in mud, allowed to ferment for 20 to 30 days and then put on the field. 

Winter barley is an ideal entry for oilseed rape because the earlier harvest allows early drilling of rape. It has been shown on organic farms that building up fertility by using a green manure crop, such as red clover, has paid off financially, with the subsequent boost in yield of the following cereal crop. 

This is a cross between wheat and rye. Triticale combines the yield and quality of wheat with the winter hardiness of rye and is also disease resistant. It can be used as a replacement for concentrates in a livestock ration because it is high in crude protein and essential amino acids. Its place in the rotation is similar to rye, so that it can be used as a forage crop or a green manure. 

Although stockless systems can be practised on arable farms, by the use of green manures to maintain soil nutrient status, the need for the addition of animals as a source of recycled excreta, and as graziers, has long been recognised. At the time of the golden hoof, field owners paid shepherds for the use of their sheep, if only to have them penned up on a particular field overnight. 

Thorup-Kristensen, K, Magid, J and Jensen, L S (2003) Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones , Advances in Agronomy, 79, 227-302. 

Gardiner J, Morra M J, Eberlein C V, Brown P D and Borek V (1999), Allelochemicals released in soil following incorporation of rapeseed (Brassica napus) green manures , J Agric Food Chem, 47, 3837-3842. 

Johnson A W, Golden A M, Auld D L and Sumner D R (1992), Effect of rapeseed and vetch as green manure crops and fallow on nematodes and soil-borne pathogens , J Nematol, 24, 117-126. 

Mojtahedi H, Santo G S, Hang A N and Wilson J H (1991), Suppression of root-knot nematode populations with selected rapeseed cultivars as green manure , JNematol, 23, 170-174. 

Long rotations, green manures Animal manures, continuous ground cover to maintain high biological activity... 

Ali M (1999) Evaluation of green manure technology in tropical lowland rice systems. Field Crops Res 61 61-78... 

Patel BK, Patel HR (1997) Effect of soil solarization, tabbing, nematocides and green manuring on soil microbes in bidi tobacco nursery. Indian J Environ Toxic 7 42-46 Patel HR, Makwana MG, Patel BN (1995) The control of nematode and weeds by soil solarization in tobacco nursery effects of the film thickness and of the covering duration. Plasticulture 107 21-27... 

Crow WT, Guertal EA, Rodriguez-Kabana R (1996) Responses of Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita to green manures and supplemental urea in glasshouse culture. J Nematol 28 648-654... 

Elfstrand S, Hedlund K, Martensson A (2007) Soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition and function after 47 years of continuous green manuring. Appl Soil Ecol 35 610-621... 

Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Takenaka S (2007) Effects of cattle manure and green manure on the microbial community structure in upland soil determined by denaturing gradient gel electro-horesis. Microbes Environ 22 327-335... 

Allelopathic interactions of plants can provide weed control by (a) use of allelopathic crops as cover crops, mulches or green manure, (b) use of allelopathic plants in crop rotations, (c) crop mixtures and intercropping, (d) varieties with strong allelopathic potential, and (e) use of allelopathic crop water extracts and other agents. 

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