Sheep Manure

E. coli 0157 H7 in 13% of fresh cattle manure, 21% of fresh sheep manure, and 12% in fresh swine manure. 

Campylobacter jejuni is a normal commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry, pigs, and cattle. In a 12-month abattoir study, Milnes et al. (2007) determined the fecal carriage of thermophilic Campylobacter to be 54.6% in cattle, 43.8% in sheep, and 69.3% in swine. Hutchison et al. (2004) isolated Campylobacter from 13% of fresh cattle manure, 14% of swine manure, 19% of fresh poultry manure, and 21% of fresh sheep manure levels in stored manure were significantly lower. Human carriers also represent significant vehicle by which the pathogen can be transferred to foods. 

Kandah M. (2001), Zinc adsorption from aqueous solutions using disposal sheep manure waste (SMW), Chemical Engineering Journal, 84, 543-549. 

Ordinary cow manure from the barnyard is likely to contain about 10 lb. of nitrogen, 5 lb. of phosphate and 10 lb. of potash per ton. The amounts may be more or less than this, depending on the feed and on the way the manure is handled. At 12, 7 and 5 cents per lb. of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash, respectively, the value of such manure is near 2.00 per ton. Poultry manure, which is much higher in nitrogen and phosphate, may be worth 5.00 a ton. Sheep manure is similar in composition to poultry manure, whereas hog manure resembles cow manure. Poultry manure may double in nutrient content if it is allowed to accumulate on the floor of the hopse until it is thoroughly dry. 

Interesting facts. When using fire, the ancient man has discovered preservative properties of smoke. For tanning hides Indians applied a mixture of chopped liver, brain and fat. After currying the leather was smoked. Clothes from such leather were not hardened under the effect of water and microbes and its odor repelled mosquitoes. Another tanning method also existed. Leather was wrapped around the leg, then wrapped by foot wraps and carried until it gained best properties or leather was soaked in urine or dug in sheep manure. 

Hausmann (1953b) and Hausmann et al. (1953) obtained, in addition to the peptides referred to above, other vitamin B 12-like red pigments from cultures of microorganisms and from sheep manure which did not develop hemopoietic activity after proteolysis. They were probably identical with the pseudovitamin B12 (Pfiffner et al., 1952) or related factors such as A, B, or C (Ford et al., 1951, 1952 Ford and Porter, 1952 Coates et al., 1951 Coates et al., 1952 Ford et al., 1954). 

Ash Constituent Sheep Manure Dairy Tie-Stall Manure Poultry Litter... 

Fertilization using animal products has been practiced since ancient times. Animal manure returns nutrients to the soil, replenishing elements that are depleted as crops are grown and harvested. It is likely that the use of animal fertilizers quickly followed the domestication of goats, sheep, and cattle. 

Most farmyard manure is produced by overwintering beef animals indoors, and as most beef and sheep farms are situated on permanent pasture in steep or rocky areas, it is the application of farmyard manure to grassland that is most usual, particularly to fields that are cut for silage or hay. 

Although stockless systems can be practised on arable farms, by the use of green manures to maintain soil nutrient status, the need for the addition of animals as a source of recycled excreta, and as graziers, has long been recognised. At the time of the golden hoof, field owners paid shepherds for the use of their sheep, if only to have them penned up on a particular field overnight. 

By housing cattle overwinter and composting the farmyard manure, the organic farmer has ready access to a balanced fertiliser that can be spread where most required. The grazing animal does not actually import fertility onto the farm but it does recycle nutrients where it grazes and provides a source of manure when housed. This is as true of sheep, pigs and poultry as of cattle. The only problem with outdoor pigs is that they tend to rip up pastures. 

Whether this enterprise contributes to other enterprises for instance, farmyard manure from the housed beef animals in winter may be essential for the continuing fertility of the silage fields, and straw from the wheat may make a useful contribution to the cost of bedding for the cattle alternating beef and sheep grazing will help to reduce parasite infection for both species (Newton, 1993). 

Further results of introducing cattle are, first, to increase the clover content of the sward, because cattle prefer grass and, second, to increase the proportion of land required for hay or silage for the winter. Cattle often have to be fed hay/silage for six months of the year, whereas sheep require winter feeding for only two months. However, the cattle will produce much more farmyard manure, which can be put back on the pastures that were cut for hay or silage. 

The main source of E. coli 0157 H7 is from the manure of ruminants (cattle, sheep) and sewage (Chase-Topping et al., 2008). Other livestock and wildlife have lower frequency of carriage. Although the estimates of STEC vary seasonally, and between herds, approximately 2-100% of cattle harbor E. coli 0157 H7 (Hancock et al, 1997). In a 12-month abattoir study in Great Britain, Milnes et al. (2008) determined the fecal carriage of STEC 0157 to be 4.7% in cattle, 0.7% in sheep, and 0.3% in swine. Conversely, in another British study, Hutchison et al. (2005) isolated... 

Stockless Trial, Elm Farm Research Station Rotations Trial, Scottish Agricultural College Ty Cwyn DARCOF Rotations Trial (EXUNIT) Berkshire, UK Aberdeen, UK Aberystwyth, UK 4 sites, Denmark 1987 1991 1992 1997 4 2 2 4 Stockless arable Ley/arable, grazed by sheep Dairy Arable -i- manure Philipps et al. (1999) Watson et al. (1999) ICER (1996) Olesen et al. (1999)... 

The azido derivative 683 (CGA 19255) had herbicidal and even better insecticidal activity. 683 prevented the development of the larvae of the house fly (Musca domestica) it was tested successfully as a poultry feed-through lar-vicide " . 684 (CGA 72622 cyromazine, Larvadex ), a metabolite of 683 23,824 proved to be better suitable as a larvicide " . It inhibited growth of a great variety of Diptera insect larvae (e.g. house fly, yellow fever mosquito, face fly, sheep blowfly, fall army worm). Additionally, 684 was used as anthelmintic . 684 is applied as a food additive for domestic or livestock animals or by spraying it on manure surface. Larvicidal properties of formamido " and formamidino derivatives of 684 have been tested. The bacterial degradation of 684 was investigated . ... 

The top and sides were covered with 50% Shading net (green and black Nelton agronets). Farm yard manure was prepared with a mixture of decomposed cow dung, sheep dung and decomposed leaves (leaf litter) in equal volume, i.e., (l l lv/v). An open field space without any cover or modification was considered as control conditions. No manure was added in control beds. 

Powerful, woody-phenolic, medicinal, yet rather sweet odor, somewhat to the anisic type (Arctander, 1967). In a wine it recalls horse manure (Dubois, 1983). Kim Ha and Lindsay (1991) report phenolic, sheep pen-like descriptions when neat, with odor threshold in water of 600 ppb and taste threshold of 100 ppb. 

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