Upland soils

Wada H, K Sendoo, Y Takai (1989) Rapid degradation of y-HCH in the upland soil after multiple application. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 35 71-77. 

Organic solvents or mixtures of water and solvents such as acetone or water-acetone are commonly used to extract chemicals from sediment samples as for upland soil. An analysis of sediment, collected from waterways or extremely low Eh paddies, frequently requires the removal of sulfur-containing species, although there is little interference from sulfur if the sediments are in a not very reductive condition. Reduced copper and silver nitrate columns are usually used for the removal, but these procedures are not always successful. Recovery studies could be needed to confirm an interference with sulfur. 

The saturated soils that occur during wetland, or lowland, rice cultivation give rise to a set of physical, chemical, and biological properties that are quite different from upland soils. Rice is the only major row crop produced under flooded-soil conditions and the absence of air-filled pores along with reduced soil-atmosphere interactions result in an almost entirely different set of processes than those occurring in upland cropping systems. 

The partial pressure of C02 in the soil air controls the concentration of both dissolved C02 and undissociated carbonic acid. At 0.003 atm of C02 (g) as a reference level for soils, [H2C03°] is about 1.04 x 10 4 M (Lindsay, 1979). At a normal atmospheric level of 0.0003 atm C02 (g), [H2C03°] is approximately 1.04 x 10 5 M. In most soils, C02 (g) is higher than in the atmosphere. C02 is released from soil and plant root respiration. In flooded soils, C02 (g) partial pressure increases to 0.01-0.3 atm, about 1000-fold higher than normal upland soils due to strong microbiological activity (Lindsay, 1979). 

Huang Y, Eglington G, van der Hage ERE, Boon JJ, Bol R, Ineson P (1998) Dissolved organic matter and its parent organic matter in grass upland soil horizons studied by analytical pyrolysis techniques. Eur J Soil Sci 49 1-15... 

Guo L, Falloon P, Coleman K, Zhou B, Li Y, Lin E, Zhang F (2007) Application of the RothC model to the results of long-term experiments on typical upland soils in northern China. Soil... 

Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Takenaka S (2007) Effects of cattle manure and green manure on the microbial community structure in upland soil determined by denaturing gradient gel electro-horesis. Microbes Environ 22 327-335... 

Peters V, Conrad R. 1996. Sequential reduction processes and initiation of CH4 production upon flooding of oxic upland soils. Soil Biol Biochem 28 371-82. 

Figure 3.10 Decomposition of " C-labelled rice straw in (a) well-drained upland soils and (b) continuously submerged lowland soils under tropical conditions (adapted from Neue and Scharpenseel, 1987). Reprinted with permission from Elsevier...

Lee, J.K. Degradation of the herbicide, alachlor, by soil microorganisms. III. Degradation under an upland soil condition, J. 

Barker, A.V., Peck, N.H. and MacDonald, G.E. (1971) Nitrate accumulation in vegetables. I. Spinach grown in upland soils. Agronomy Journal 63, 126-129. 

The Suwannee River was sampled at its origin at the outlet of the Okefenokee Swamp. This fulvic acid, therefore, is likely to be less degraded than a sample from the Calcasieu River that was taken near its mouth on the estuary during a warm, low-flow period in early summer. Metal-ion solubility controls and sorption on mineral surfaces in upland soils also might fractionate the fulvic acid in the Calcasieu River. In contrast, the Suwannee River mineral-soil solubility controls are less significant. 

Ciglasch, H., Amelung, W., Totrakool, S., Kaupenjohann, M., 2005. Water flow patterns and pesticide fluxes in an upland soil in northern Thailand. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 56, 765-777. 

Tipping E, Rieuwerts J, Pan G, Ashmore MR, Lofts S, Hill MTR, Farago ME, Thornton I. 2003. The solid-solution partitioning of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) in upland soils of England and Wales. Environ Pollut 125 213-225. 

The outcome of competition between microorganisms for electron donors can be predicted from thermodynamic theory (Section 8.08.1.2 Table 1 Zehnder and Stumm, 1988), and these predictions are generally consistent with empirical data. Temporal succession of the microbial metabolic pathways that dominate respiration occurs upon the flooding of an oxidized soil or sediment (Figure 1). Not surprisingly, most examples of temporal succession in anaerobic respiration processes have come from wetland soils, which are subject to cycles of flooding and exposure (Turner and Patrick, 1968 Ponnamperuma, 1972 Achtnich et al., 1995a Yao et al., 1999). However, the same pattern is observed in sediments and even upland soils (Peters and Conrad, 1996). 

---