Three case studies

A firm is not always capable to develop an innovation in the lead market. If a firm s resources are constrained, it has additional options to include the lead market in its product strategy. It is important that a firm s innovation resources such as marketing and R D are devoted to demand in the lead market and oriented to the conditions in the lead market, whether they are located in the lead market or not. Cooperation with firms in the lead market can become a bridging institution. At least, lead market can serve as test markets. Although most of the costs of innovation development have already been spend, the global rollout of an innovation is costly as well and can be avoided when market entry in the lead market signals a worldwide failure. 

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For the three cases studied in Section V.A, the similarity to the three corresponding Wigner matrices is achieved in the following way ... 

We now examine three real corrosion problems the protection of pipelines, the selection of a material for a factory roof, and materials for car exhaust systems. The rusting of iron appears in all three case studies, but the best way of overcoming it differs in each. Sometimes the best thing is to change to a new material which does not rust but often economics prevent this, and ways must be found to slow down or stop the rusting reaction. 

The three case studies that follow demonstrate how mentoring can be used in organizations to support and enable organizational change. 

This section describes exemplary ways that diagrams of the sub-micro level can be used effectively in the chemistiy classroom. Three case studies are presented each identifying a particular conceptual or instractional difficulty and a suggested pedagogical approach that addresses the difficulty. 

In this chapter three case studies are introduced as examples of the application of alternative methods for the toxicological characterization of waste-related products. 

As sketched out initially, simulation can be used at different points in time of a production system lifecycle and with a different scope (see Figure 2.1). Considering the lifecycle and the scope, the three case studies described in this section may be classified differently, from supply chain to plant level and from planning to daily operation. 

In Chapter 7 the derived structured protocol will be applied to multiple case studies in the Dutch chemical process industry. Three case studies will be conducted to derive the answers on the posed research questions and to confirm or reject the results from the case histories in the previous Chapter. The case studies will be carefully selected so that the outcomes of the analysis are predictable for all three cases. This replication strengthens the generalization and overall validation of all case studies and the research in general. 

Figure 43 Overview of initial ineffective control elements of the three case studies.

From each case study the number of initial ineffective control elements and the latent conditions leading to these ineffective control elements will be discussed. Moreover, the individual affected safety barriers will be combined, to find the possible alignment of affected safety barriers. These findings will indicate possible weaknesses of the current safety management system. Finally, all three case studies will be compared to derive some conclusions regarding both differences and similarities between the three cases. 

In the following Section the results and conclusions of the three case studies will be discussed in more detail, especially in regard to safety. 

In Section II.3 we have seen that a specific chemical species existing in a given physicochemical environment is characterized by specific values of 7) and T2, and that this fact is important both in the implementation of imaging pulse sequences to obtain quantitative information and in the modification of the pulse sequences to image selectively one species and/or phase within the sample. While exploitation of relaxation time contrast is not likely to become a routine approach for chemical mapping in reactors, there will be niche applications in which it will continue to have use—three of these are identified below. The limitations of the approach derive from that fact that the relaxation times characterizing a system will not only be influenced by chemical composition but also by temperature and the proximity of the molecules to a solid surface or interface. The three case studies illustrated below in which relaxation time contrast has been used with considerable success are (i) an... 

Fig. 9.2 Net energy and net greenhouse gases (GHG) or petroleum inputs for three case studies (see text) with respect to gasoline.

Johnston, P.A. and Johnston, P.A., Cellular platforms for HTS three case studies, Drug Discov. Today, 7, 353, 2002. 

Three case studies are presented next that demonstrate approaches to troubleshooting problems. The first two cases were developed with poor hypotheses, while the last case study had a problem that was solved quickly using strong hypotheses and a strong experimental plan for verification. 

These three case studies indicate that the MSG technique is indeed successful in showing strong responses over background in areas of base metal, Cu-Ni and porphyry Cu mineralization. All data support the contention that gaseous metais do exist in soil gas and can be used as a practical tool for mineral exploration in areas covered both with residual and exotic overburden. 

Wilcock, A. Brewster, M. Tincher, W. Using electrochemical technology to treat textile wastewater three case studies. Am. Dyest. Rep. 1992, 81, 15-22. 

In the case studies to follow, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic polyurethanes are used to affect remediation of polluted air and water. We will not discuss conventional wastewater systems because they represent large public works projects that dot the developed world. The first three case studies cover the use of reticulated foam as a scaffold for the remediation of polluted air. Another involves the use of a hydrophilic foam as a scaffold for a biofilter to treat aquaculture wastewater, permitting its return to the system (closing the recycle loop). Lastly, we will review our work on a composite of hydrophilic polyurethane grafted onto a reticulated foam to treat VOC-contaminated air. 

Borchert, S. Sick, M. (1992). The vacuum-vaporizer-well (UVB) technology for in situ groundwater remediation Brief description of technology and three case studies. In Proceedings, International Symposium on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, Hungary, October 12—16, 1992. 

It is appropriate to recognize that some medications are more susceptible to abuse than others. If two medications are equally effective for a given indication, the one with lower abuse liability would obviously be preferred. Information on abuse liability is necessary for the appropriate regulation of medications and provides a basis for education of physicians, patients, and the public. In this chapter we describe the control of marketed medications, abuse-liability assessment procedures for premarketing testing in laboratory animals and humans, considerations of the formulation properties, and postmarketing surveillance of abuse. Finally, we provide three case studies of marketed medications that have been abused. 

Thus, in the three cases studied by viscosity change and gel formation, the effects of pH on radiation-induced changes occurred in the same pH region and were qualitatively similar. 

The five studies of hydrate formation given in Section 8.1 are of two types. The first three case studies show thermodynamic (time-independent) methods to prevent plug formation. However, the second type provides a closer, mechanistic look at the physical kinetics (time-dependent) hydrate formation and agglomeration. A goal of this section is to show how these two methods provide two different methods of plug prevention. 

Behr, R.S. and Beane, J.E. (2002) Arsenic Plumes Where the Source Contains no Arsenic. Three Case Studies of Apparent Desorption of Naturally Occurring Arsenic. Arsenic in New England A Multidisciplinary Scientific... 

The three case studies outlined here give some indication of the worst difficulties that have been experienced with peak resolution, and have one factor in common the presence of an additional amorphous or paracrystalline peak was suspected in each case. All three optimization programs worked well when the input parameters were well chosen, but constraints were necessary in the more difficult cases and when broad peaks were present. Judicious choice of input parameters always speeds the ultimate solution and the use of BASELINE is most helpful. 

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