Polyurethane composite

B. D. Bauman, "Novel Polyurethane Composites with Surface-Modified Polymer Particles," paper presented at SPI 32nddnnual Technical Marketing Conference, 1989. 

Neopentyl alcohol is useful for preparation of masked polyol siUcate esters, capable of releasing the polyol under moisture conditions, in moisture-curable one-component Hquid polyurethane compositions (90). 

Handlin D.L. et al., Methods for producing mixed polyol thermoplastic polyurethane compositions, US Patent 6323299, 2001. 

Figure 14. Calculated vs. experimental dilatometric data for a polyurethane composite propellant. Curves have been displaced by a constant A for convenience. The quantity V/V0 is the ratio of sample volume to initial volume. Data from Ref. 29...

His current activities include the application of polyurethane composites to the development of three-dimensional scaffold for cell growth (bacteria, plant and mammalian). 

In another study, catalase derived from bovine liver was immobilized on the same polyurethane composite. The bovine liver catalase enzyme was obtained from City Chemical, West Haven, CT) and used without further purification. The activity of the enzyme was not stated or deteimined. 

J.M. Hammond et al, Siloxane Polyurethane Composite Propellant Binders , AIAAJ... 

L.H. Caveny et al, Solid Propellant Flammability Including Ignitability and Combustion Limits , BRL-R-1701 (1974), (AD 775795) [The authors found that the use of oxamide with high decompn temp HMX/polyurethane composite propints is effective in reducing flamma-... 

The results of calculations for two values of the initial temperature of the reactive mass To are shown in Fig. 4.17. For To = 70°C, the curves are practically insensitive to the value of to. This is explained by the fact that the mold temperature is lower than the initial temperature of the reactive mass (polyurethane composition) and therefore the layers of polymeric material close to the surface of the mold cool rapidly down to the temperature Ts, because this temperature is strictly constant. 

For the polyurethane composition considered here the maximum (adiabatic) temperature jump is equal to 25 K. This means that at ordinary working temperatures of the mold, i.e., 40 - 80°C, the maximum increase in the material temperature does not reach an unacceptable level of close to 200°C, where thermal degradation of the polymer can begin. We can restrict the maximum temperature growth Tmax by using the mathematical model based on Eqs. (4.10) - (4.13) and then constructing Tmax - vs - to curves for various mold temperatures. These provides a means of choosing the optimum process parameters when the temperature must not exceed Tmax. 

Lignin is used in many industries. Unsulfonated lignins are used in the production of vanillin and dimethyl sulfoxide. Around 1.4 million tonnes of unsulfonated lignins are produced per annum and used in the polymer resin industry to manufacture plywood. Alkali treated lignins could also be a potential feedstock for polyurethane industries and used in the production of novel polyurethane composites. 

The above analysis takes the synthesis methods, the performance affected by the dispersion of CNTs, enhanced physical properties and the latest applications of carbon nanotube/polyurethane composites described in literature reports as the reference point. In the interest of brevity, this is not a comprehensive review, however, it goes through numerous research reports and applications which have been learned and described in the recent years. Despite that, there are still many opportunities to synthesize new carbon nano-tube/polyurethane systems and to modify carbon nanotubes with new functional groups. The possibility of producing modern biomedical and shape memory materials in that way makes the challenge of the near future. 

The unique two-phase structures of polyurethane that offers the elasticity of rubber combined with the toughness and durability of metal make them one of the most extensively studied and frequently used materials in carbon nanotube related nanocomposites. The main difficulty in developing CNT based polyurethane nanocomposites was how to achieve uniform and homogeneous CNT dispersion. Further investigations on the interactions between carbon nanotubes and two-phase structures are critical for the wider applications of carbon nanotube/polyurethane composites. 

Preparation of Plasticized Polyurethane Compositions. The procedure given immediately above was repeated, except that 10.5 grams of butylcyclohexyl phthalate (BCPH) were added to the original mixture as a plasticizer, and 0.5 gram of di-p-phenylphenylenediamine and 0.05 gram of ferric acetonylacetonate were used as catalysts. The properties of the resulting cured polymer are given in Table I (sample 4). 

Figure 3.5 Structures of (a) [LaL3(HL)(phen)2(H20)] and (b) [EuL3(phen)(H20)] (HL = 4-aminobenzonic acid) [RE, black (large balls) O, grey N, black (small balls) C, white H, omitted]. (Redrawn from the GIF files of T. Fiedler et al, Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic studies on the lanthanoid p-aminobenzoates and derived optically functional polyurethane composites, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2007, 291-301, 2006 [40].)...

ASTM C 984-83 Standard Specification for Perlite Board and Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Composite Roof Installation, 4 pp (Comm C-16)... 

Stable one-pack polyurethane compositions containing the oxadiazinetrione ring are catalyzed and cured using l,3-bis(acetyloxy)-l, 1,3,3-tetra-n-butyl-distannoxane. ... 

Electrically insulating and thermally conductive qualities are important in computer chips fabrication. One approach taken is based on boron nitride fillers which offers these two properties. There is also a need to develop materials which are thermally conductive but electrically insulating in high humidity conditions. Polyurethane composites filled with aluminum oxide or carbon fiber can be used for this application. Figure 19.15 shows the effect of the amount of filler on thermal... 

Meng J et al (2009) Enhancement of nanofibrous scaffold of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/ polyurethane composite to the fibroblasts growth and biosynthesis. J Biomed Mater Res A 88 (1) 105-116... 

Sano M, Sakamoto M, Hayashi Y, and Kanenori N, Polyurethane compositions with skin care properties, their membranes, laminates containing them, and their manufacture. Patent Japan JP 2005194401. A 2005, 07/21. 

Typical commodity soybean oil is rich in polyunsaturated FA (linoleic, 18 2 and lino-lenic acid, 18 3), with some contributions from saturated and monounsaturated FA (Table 7.2). The oil is suitable for many industrial and food uses. For industrial use, soybean oils with the typical FA composition noted are successfully used in the production of inks, lubricants, fuels, etcetera (United Soybean Board, 2005). They can be epoxidized to make plasticizers and coatings or interesterified to produce methyl soyate, which is used in solvent production. Soybean oil or methyl soyate also can be derivatized to produce soap, polyurethanes, composites, and paints, among other products (United Soybean Board, 2005). 

The adhesive properties of polyurethanes may be attributed to the polar nature of the macromolecular compounds used in their formulation. Furthermore, the isocyanates present in the polyurethane compositions may react with any active hydrogen present in the adherent or with the films of water often present on the surfaces of materials such as ceramics, glass, and metals. These types of reactions result in enhanced anchoring of the adhesive and attainment of high bond strength. 

Guiffard B, Seveyrat L, Sebald G, Guyomar D (2006) Enhanced electric field-induced strain in non-percolative carbon nanopowder/polyurethane composites. J Phys D Appl Phys 39 3053... 

Petit L, Guiffard B, Seveyrat L, Guyomar D (2008) Actuating abilities of electroactive carbon nanopowder/polyurethane composite films. Sens Actuators A 148 105... 

Walker [34] has postulated a variety of possible ehemical reactions between silanes and the functional groups present in epoxide and polyurethane compositions. 

Nam, R H., Maiti, R, Okamoto, M., Kotaka, T., Nakayama, T., Takada, M., Ohshima, M., Usuki, A., Hasegawa, N., and Okamoto, H., Foam processing and cellular structure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites, Polym. Eng. ScL, 42, 1907-1918 (2002). Navarro-Banon, V., Vega-Baudrit, J., Vaquez, R, and Martm-Martinez, J. M., Interactions in naosilica-polyurethane composites evidenced by plate-plate rheology and DMTA, Macro-mol. Symp., 221, 1-10 (2005). 

Han, J.-H., Zhang, H., Chen, M.-I., Wang, G.-R., Zhang, Z., 2014b. CNTbuckypaper/thermoplastic polyurethane composites with enhanced stiffness, strength and toughness. Compos. Sci. Technol. 103,63-71. 

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