Lymphatic carcinomas

Vinyl chloride Liver - angiosarcoma Brain Lung - carcinoma Lymphatic system - lymphoma... 

Ch. 25). This means that mutations in these proteins that result in alterations in their regulatory properties can lead to oncogenesis. Ras in particular has been implicated in several human cancers [32]. It has been estimated that as many as 30% of all human cancers contain mutations in one of the three Ras genes. While the frequency of Ras mutations in some types of human cancer is very low, its frequency in certain cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma, lymphatic cancers and colorectal adenocarcinoma, is very high. 

Cells in vivo exist either attached to a surface or free in suspension. Adherent cell lines originate from cells of solid tissue. Breast carcinoma cell lines (such as MCF7, T47D, and SK-BR-3) are adherent cultures, and these cells are grown on the surface of plastic flasks that have been treated to facilitate adhesion (see Fig. 6.2). Suspension culture cell lines originate from cells that exist in suspension, such as those cells present in the blood and the lymphatic system (see Fig. 6.3). 

Three main routes exist for the spread of cancer cells throughout the body. These involve the lymphatic system, the blood system, and direct extension into body cavities. Spread by the lymphatic system is thought to be important for carcinomas. The walls of these channels offer little mechanical resistance to penetration by tumor cells. Malignant cells readily invade the walls of these vessels and are carried to regional lymph nodes. In the lymph node, the cancer cells can arrest, proliferate and produce a metastatic tumor. Malignant cells may later detach from the lymph node and be carried in the bloodstream to other sites throughout the body. 

J,l/mouse, twice a week for 25 weeks, to female ICR mice produced forestomach tumors (squamous cell carcinoma and papilloma), lung tumors (adenocarcinoma and adenoma), and tumors of the hematopoietic system (thymic lymphosarcoma and lymphatic leukemia), with dose-related response by 18 months. It was concluded that the target organ of benzotrichloride carcinogenesis in mice is the local tissue that is primarily exposed and the lung and hematopoietic tissue when administered systemically. 

In humans, cases of hepatomas have appeared years after acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride, however, none of the cases could establish a causal link between the exposure and development of neoplasms." Epidemiological studies have also given inconclusive results. A cancer mortality study of a population of rubber workers reported a significantly elevated odds ratio relating carbon tetrachloride with lymphatic leukemia, and lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell carcinoma." A recent retrospective cohort mortality study of aircraft maintenance workers found an increased risk of... 

Methotrexate is used to treat severe lymphatic leukemia, choriocarcinoma, non-Hodgkin s lymphoma, bone carcinoma, as well as head, neck, breast, and lung tumors. Synonyms of this drug are farmitrexate, ledertrexate, ematexate, maxtrex, folex, mexate, and others. 

In addition to differences between tumors and their environment, the neo vascular phenotype itself may differ between tissues. A variety of vascular morphologies has been discussed above, and specific molecules expressed by the neovasculature may also vary. For example, binding of the antiangiogenic factor endostatin was found to almost all bladder tumor vessels, three quarters of the vessels in prostatic carcinomas, and only 11% of renal tumor vessels [63]. VEGFR3, which, in most tissues, is restricted to lymphatics, has been identified in the new blood vessels of inflamed synovium [26]. These and other characteristics of different neo vascular beds may contribute to heterogeneous responses to therapies that target the vasculature. 

Chronic myelogenous Acute lymphatic leukemia Breast carcinoma... 

The small intestine is drained by the hepatic portal vein, making the liver the first port of call for orally absorbed drugs. Therefore, high hepatic metabolism will compromise systemic availability. Formulation to enhance lymphatic absorption offers the potential for avoiding such first-pass metabolism. It could also target anticancer agents to lymphatic carcinomas. Table 1 lists various materials and associated therapeutic agents that have been formulated for lymphatic delivery. 

D2-40, a clone of podoplanin, is a recently developed commercially available antibody directed against the M2A antigen, a 40,000-kD sialoglycoprotein associated with germ cells and lymphatic endothelium. Chu and colleagues evaluated 53 cases of mesothelioma, 28 cases of reactive pleural tissue, 30 cases of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, 35 cases of renal cell carcinoma, 26 cases of ovarian serous carcinoma, 16 cases of invasive breast carcinoma, 11 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma, and 7 cases of urothelial carcinoma. The authors found D2-40 expression in 51 of 53 (96%) mesotheliomas, 27 of 28 (96%) reactive pleural tissues, and 17 of 26 (65%) ovarian serous carcinomas. They did not find D2-40 in the other tumors examined. The authors also observed that the neoplastic cells immunostained in a cell membrane distribution. 

Lympho-vascular space invasion in breast carcinoma is an independent predictor of axillary lymph node metastasis, which in turn is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast carcinoma.One recent study has shown that peritumoral lymphatic space invasion (and not blood vessel invasion) was determinant of lymph node metastasis.In addition, identification of tumor emboli within dermal lymphatics is also important for correlation purposes in cases of inflammatory carcinomas. 

Edema Caused by Lymphatic Dysfunction. Pulmonary lymphatic insufficiency resulting from lymphatic carcinoma, silicosis, anesthesia, or sedative drug overdose can cause a decreased clearance of fluid from the lung via the lymphatics. Because of the absence of this important mechanism for fluid removal from the lung, lymphatic insufiiciency can rapidly lead to an accumulation of fluid in the lung interstitium and ultimately to pulmonary edema. 

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (2) infiltrating ductal carcinoma with history of lymphatic spread, metastases to skin, limgs, bronchi, pericardium, and bones (3) poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder (4) myeloproliferative disorder (5) follicular lymphoma, grade 2 (6) prostate cancer, and (7) infiltrating adenocarcinoma of the prostate. 

Asterriquinone is oxidized with H2O2 in 0.1 A NaOH solution at room temperature to give Al-(r,r-dimethylallyl)indole-3-carboxylic acid. Asterriquinone shows a strong antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and lymphatic leukemia LI210 in mice and against ascites hepatoma AH 13 in rat. The methylether of asterriquinone has remarkably decreased activity (186). 

---