Reticulum cells

As described in several monographs [4], bryostatin 1 exhibits significant in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic activity against a range of tumor cell lines including murine leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, ovarian carcinoma, and melanoma. It is also effective in the modulation of apoptotic function [5], the reversal of multidrug resistance [6], and stimulation of the immune system [7]. These unique features displayed by bryostatin 1 are attributed to its high affinity for protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and its ability to selectively modulate their functions [8]. PKCs are a type of intracellular serine and threonine kinase that... 

Taylor CR. The nature of Reed-Sternberg cells and other malignant reticulum cells. Lancet 1974 2 (7884) 802-807. 

Hedge, R., and Lingappa, V. (1997). Membrane protein biogenesis regulated complexity at the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell. 91, 575-582. 

In humans, cases of hepatomas have appeared years after acute exposure to carbon tetrachloride, however, none of the cases could establish a causal link between the exposure and development of neoplasms." Epidemiological studies have also given inconclusive results. A cancer mortality study of a population of rubber workers reported a significantly elevated odds ratio relating carbon tetrachloride with lymphatic leukemia, and lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell carcinoma." A recent retrospective cohort mortality study of aircraft maintenance workers found an increased risk of... 

Serum Iq s in Other Lymphoid Neoplasia— Hodgkin s Disease, Reticulum Cell Sarcoma, Lymphosarcoma, and Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia... 

Malignancies of various types— multiple myelomatosis, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin s disease, Burkitt s lymphoma and other malignancies of the reticuloendothelial system... 

Klausner RD, Sitia R (1990) Protein degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell 62 611-614... 

Yu H, Kopito RR (1999) The role of multiubiquitination in dislocation and degradation of the a subunit of the T cell antigen receptor. J Biol Chem 274 36852-36858 Yuk MH, Lodish HF (1993) Two pathways for the degradation of the H2 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum. ) Cell Biol 123 1735-1749... 

Severe leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia may occur as well as macrocytic anemia and bone marrow depression fungal, viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections may be fatal may increase the patient s risk of neoplasia via mutagenic and carcinogenic properties (skin cancer and reticulum cell or lymphomatous tumors) temporary depression in spermatogenesis... 

It is indicated in leukaemias, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin s disease, multiple myeloma, retinoblastoma, carcinoma of the breast, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, inoperable solid malignancies. It is used in combination with surgery, radiation and other therapeutic measures. 

Fig. 3.1 Dose-incidence curves for different neoplasms in animals exposed to external radiation (A) myeloid leukemia in x-irradiated mice (°) (Upton et al., 1958) (B) mammary gland tumors at 12 months in gamma-irradiated rats (A) (Shellabarger et al., 1969) (C) thymic lymphoma in x-irradiated mice ( ) (Kaplan and Brown, 1952) (D) kidney tumors in x-irradiated rats (o) (Maldague, 1969) (E) skin tumors in alpha-irradiated rats (percentage incidence x 10) ( ) (Bums et al., 1968) (F) skin tumors in electron-irradiated rats (percentage incidence x 10) (A) (Bums et al., 1968) (G) reticulum cell sarcoma in x-irradiated mice (0) (Metalli et al., 1974) (H) lung adenomas in neutron-irradiated mice ( ) (Ullrich et al., 1976) (Modified from UNSCEAR, 1972) (from Upton, 1984).

Metalli, E, Covelli, V., DiPaola, M., and Silini, G. (1974). "Dose incidence data for mouse reticulum cell sarcoma, Radiat. Res. 59,21. 

Michalak, M., Robert Parker, J. M., and Opas, M., 2002, Ca2+ signaling and calcium binding chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Calcium, 32 269-78. 

Melphalan is an antineoplastic drug, listed also as a Class I immunosuppressive agent (effective only when given prior to the immune stimulus) [1]. It is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, ovarian carcinoma, tumors of the testes, chronic granulocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, seminoma, Ewing s sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, and thymoma [1,2]. Its use as an adjuvant to surgery in the management of primary breast cancer was one of the first illustrations of the therapeutic potential of combined modalities of treatment [3]. 

Scoazec, J. Y., Berger, F., Magaud, J. P., Brochier, J., Coiffier, B., and Bryon, P. A., The dendritic reticulum cell pattern in B cell lymphomas of the small cleaved, mixed, and large cell types An immunohistochemical study of 48 cases. Hum. Pathol. 20, 124—131 (1989). 

Hart, I. R., Talmadge, J. E. and Fidler, I. J. (1981). Metastatic behavior of a murine reticulum cell sarcoma exhibiting organ-specific growth. Cancer Res. 41,1281-1287. 

The macrophages stored in the reticuloendothelial i j i -tem are found in the CNS as microglia, and in the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow in the form of reticulum cells. They occur as sinus wall cells in the spleen and bone marrow, but mainly in the liver in the form of sinusendothelial, Kupffer, Ito and PIT cells, (s. p. 20) About 90% of the total RES are localized in the liver. 

In addition to the four bands of acid phosphatase isoenzyme activity in normal leukocytes, two other isoenzymes may appear in leukemia. In a case of acute granulocytic leukemia with 100% blast forms, only one electrophoretic band of activity was manifest this migrated between normal band 3 and 4 and was therefore designated 3b. In a case of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis with 98% reticulum cells, only one, and this a strongly staining band, was present this migrated anodically beyond No. 4 and was therefore designated No. 5 (L8). 

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