Perchlorate potassium

Potassium perchlorate is made by converting sodium chlorate into sodium perchlorate in steel electrolytic cells that have platinum anodes and operate at a temperature of 65°C. Filtered potassium chloride solution is added to the sodium perchlorate, precipitating potassium perchlorate crystals, which are centrifuged, washed, and dried. The mother liquor now contains sodium chloride, which can be used as a cell feed for sodium chlorate manufacture. 

Potassium perchlorate may also be manufactured by electrolysis of potassium chloride solutions. 

Potassium perchlorate is used in matches, pharmaceutical products, and pyrotechnic mixtures. Most mixtures of organic substances and chlorates are explosive, so use of any such mixtures should be limited to those expert in their use. 

Potassium perchlorate (KP KCIO4) is a weU-known oxidizer, used as an oxidizer component of black powder. Since KP produces potassium oxides and condensed products, the high molecular mass Mg of the combustion products is not favorable for its use as an oxidizer in rocket propellants. A mixture of 75 % KP with 25 % asphalt pitch was used as a rocket propellant named Galcit, which was the original prototype of a composite propellant in the 1940 s. Potassium chlorate (KCIO3) is also a crystalline oxidizer, and although it has a lower oxygen content compared 

To obtain completely anhydrous iodine pentoxide, the product could be heated for some time in an oven at about 200°. Crystallized iodic add could be obtained by dissolving the product in a very little water, in which it is extremely soluble, and allowing the solution to evaporate slowly. 

Dissolve a little of the iodine pentoxide in water. Test the solution to show whether it contains a strong acid. How  

Heat 0.5 gram of iodine pentoxide in a dry test tube. Insert a glowing splinter in the tube. Note whether the entire substance can be volatilized also if any of the original substance deposits in the cooler part of the tube. 

When potassium chlorate is heated to about 400° it may decompose according to either of the following independent reactions  

The second reaction is accelerated by catalyzers, such as manganese dioxide or ferric oxide, or in fact any material with a rough surface. Too high a temperature also causes reaction (2) principally to take place. On the other hand, if the temperature is maintained at the right point, the salt is free from dirt, and the inside of the crucible is perfectly clean and free from roughness, the decomposition proceeds mainly according to reaction (1). Potassium perchlorate is very sparingly soluble in cold water and may be separated from potassium chloride and any undecomposed potassium chlorate by crystallization. 

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Potassium perchlorate Aluminum plus magnesium, carbon, nickel plus titanium, reducing agents, sulfur, sulfuric acid... 

Characteristics of common inorganic oxidizers are Hsted in Table 5. In any homologous series, potassium perchlorate-containing propellants bum fastest ammonium nitrate propellants bum slowest (79,80). 

Propellants with potassium perchlorate have relatively high burning rates (1.75 cm/s at 6.9 MPa (1000 psi) and 21°C) and high burning rate exponents (0.6-0.7). 

L. W. CoUins, TheFeasibilityofUtilicfngaFluidEnergyMillin the Grinding of Potassium Perchlorate,MUSSl 2444, Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisbuig, Ohio, 1977. 

Alkali Metal Perchlorates. The anhydrous salts of the Group 1 (lA) or alkah metal perchlorates are isomorphous with one another as well as with ammonium perchlorate. Crystal stmctures have been determined by optical and x-ray methods (38). With the exception of lithium perchlorate, the compounds all exhibit dimorphism when undergoing transitions from rhombic to cubic forms at characteristic temperatures (33,34). Potassium perchlorate [7778-74-7] KCIO, the first such compound discovered, is used in pyrotechnics (qv) and has the highest percentage of oxygen (60.1%). 

The heat peUet used for activation in these batteries is usually a mixture of a reactive metal such as iron or zirconium [7440-67-7] and an oxidant such as potassium perchlorate [7778-74-7]. An electrical or mechanical signal ignites a primer which then ignites the heat peUet which melts the electrolyte. Sufficient heat is given off by the high current to sustain the necessary temperature during the lifetime of the appHcation. Many millions of these batteries have been manufactured for military ordnance as they have been employed in rockets, bombs, missiles, etc. 

Nitroparaffins Oxalic acid Oxygen Perchloric acid Peroxides, organic Phosphorus (white) Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Silver... 

Examples of Values of L and AF°. As a first example we may evaluate both L and AF° for a moderately soluble salt in aqueous solution. At 25° a saturated solution of potassium perchlorate has a concentration of 0.148 mole of KCIO4 in a 1000 grams of water that is to say, y+ = y = 0.148/55.5. The activity coefficient in the saturated solution has been taken1 to be 0.70 + 0.05. Using this value, we can estimate the work required to take a pair of ions from the crystal surface to mutually distant points, when the crystal is in contact with pure solvent at 25°C ... 

Perchlorate as potassium perchlorate (ca 400 mg as the sodium salt in 25 mL solution). Warm the solution to 80-90 °C and treat with a slight excess of a cold saturated solution of potassium acetate. Allow to cool and after 1 hour collect the precipitate on a weighed porcelain filtering crucible. Wash twice with 0.05M potassium chloride and then with four 5 mL portions of equal volumes of anhydrous ethyl acetate and anhydrous butan-l-ol. Dry the precipitate at 110°C for 30-60 minutes and then heat at 350 °C in an electric furnace for 15 minutes. Weigh as KC104 (Section 11.68). 

Ericksen O.E. Sheffield, Substitutes for Potassium Perchlorate in Pyrotechnic Compositions , PATR 1408 (1944), AD 496017... 

Ellern (Ref 5) comments on its use in pyrot delay compns arid heating devices Specification. A US Military Specification (MIL-P-11970B, 23 Aug 1973) entitled, Potassium Perchlorate, Technical Grade , covers Dept of Defense fequirements. They state that the material shall be in the form of dark purple crystals and shall assay at not less than 97.0%... 

Composite proplnts, which are used almost entirely in rocket propulsion, normally contain a solid phase oxidizer combined with a polymeric fuel binder with a -CH2—CH2— structure. Practically speaking AP is the only oxidizer which has achieved high volume production, although ammonium nitrate (AN) has limited special uses such as in gas generators. Other oxidizers which have been studied more or less as curiosities include hydrazinium nitrate, nitronium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, lithium nitrate, potassium perchlorate and others. Among binders, the most used are polyurethanes, polybutadiene/acrylonitrile/acrylic acid terpolymers and hydroxy-terminated polybutadienes... 

The influence of metal type on the specific impulse of propints has been described previously in this article (Table 16). The max theoretical specific impulse and density impulses (ISp x p ) for the oxidizers AN, AP and hydrazinium nitrate with 15 weight percent -fCH2)- binder have been calculated for various fuels (Ref 24). These data are in Tables 49-51. The ISp performance of nitronium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate and metallized fuels with 4CH2>- binder are given in Table 52 (Ref 43)... 

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