Capsules extracts

Flow rate 1.2 mL/min at 60°C Sample 20 pl injection of capsule extract... 

Sample preparation Capsules. Extract capsule contents with 0.5% phenethyl alcohol in mobile phase for 30 min, filter, inject an aliquot. Syrup. Measure out an amount of syrup containing 50 mg clindamycin, mix with 5 mL 0.5% phenethyl alcohol in mobile phase, inject an aliquot. Bulk. Dissolve 15 mg drug in 1 mL 0.5% phenethyl alcohol in mobile phase, ii ject a 25 p,L aliquot. 

Seed oils and capsule extracts of several other papaveraceous plants, from the genera Chelidonium, Eschscholzia, Papaver, and Platystemon, are also active. While dihydrosanguinarine is inactive, chelerythrine (6a) and berberine (9) are active (Hakim 1954). Intravenous injections of other types of isoquinoline alkaloids have also been shown to be active (but in much higher doses than sanguinarine) — they include codeine (lb), noscapine (narcotine) (2), papaverine (5), bulbocapnine (11), corydine (11a), and chelidonine (12) (Lieb and Scherf 1956). 

The ditopic crown ether-amide caging hgand 256, prepared in [180], co-encapsulates cationic and anionic species by Scheme 2.159. This hgand transports NaCl, KCl, NaBr, and KBr salts from their aqueous solutions through a liquid organic membrane with the selectivity changing in a row K > Na > Li. The selectivity order is reversed when this covalent capsule extracts solid alkah metal chlorides and bromides into organic phases [180],... 

The standard chemical and biological methods of analysis are those accepted by the JnitedStates Pharmacopeia XXIII as well as the ones accepted by the AO AC in 1995 (81—84). The USP method involves saponification of the sample (dry concentrate, premix, powder, capsule, tablet, or aqueous suspension) with aqueous alcohoHc KOH solvent extraction solvent removal chromatographic separation of vitamin D from extraneous ingredients and colormetric deterrnination with antimony trichloride and comparison with a solution of USP cholecalciferol reference standard. 

U.S. EPA, SITE Technology Capsule Terra-Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology, EPA/540/R-94/521a, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1995. 

More interesting, as regards future developments, are the eiforts now being made to dispense with opium as an intermediate in the production of morphine. The early history of experiments in the direct extraction of the alkaloid from poppy capsules and poppy straw has been recounted by Goris and by Wiiest and Frey. ... 

Tea 1 to 2 cups/day Capsules/tablets 300 to 500 mg daily Tincture 1A to 1 teaspoon daily Standardized extract 300 to 400 mg daily... 

Back cohosh, a herb reported to be beneficial in managing symptoms of menopause, is generally regarded as safe when used as directed. Back cohosh is a member of the buttercup flower family. The dosage of standardized extract is 2 tablets twice a day, or 40 dropsof standardized tincture twice a day or one 500- to 600-mg tablet or capsule three times daily. Back cohosh tea is not considered as effective as other forms Boiling of the root releases only a portion of the therapeutic constituents... 

Dry extracts or powders are made by spray drying the strong infusions after they have been concentrated to 40-50% solids (the catechin content is above 25% w/w). The residual water content is less than 5% w/w and the extract is usually processed as a powder containing inert processing aids to render it suitable for a variety of uses (tablets, capsules, dry mixes, etc.). 

Dietary supplements are available in a variety of delivery forms such as capsules, tablets, teas, tinctures, extracts, and bulk herbs. Sixty-eight percent of the herbal products available are in the form of a capsule or tablet. Approximately half of the herbal preparations contain a single herb [3]. An example of a softgel is Saw Palmetto Complex by PhytoPharmica. 

Raggi et al. [21] described a spectrophotometric analysis method with ammonium tetrachloropalladate for penicillamine in pharmaceutical formulations. An aqueous solution of penicillamine (298 pg/mL) was treated with 1.5 mL of 20 mM (NH4)2PdCl4 in 1 M HC1. The mixture was diluted to 10 mL, and the absorbance measured at 403 nm after 20 min. The method has a recovery of 98.8%, and was used to determine penicillamine in aqueous extracts of capsules. 

Byeon et al. [23] described a fluorimetric method for (z>)-penicillamine using 9-fluorenylmethyl pentafluorophenyl carbonate and acetonitrile. Capsules containing penicillamine were extracted with water and then filtered. The solution was incubated at 70 °C for 40 min with borate buffer solution. After cooling, the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether and the fluorescence of the aqueous phase measured at (excitation = 260 nm, emission = 313 nm). The calibration graph was linear for 0.4-5.0 pM of penicillamine with a coefficient of variation of 0.4%. 

Place a portion of capsules contents or place a volume of syrup, equivalent to about 250 mg of valproic acid, in a separator. Add 20 mL of 1.0 M sodium hydroxide shake and allow the layers to separate. Transfer the aqueous layer to a second separator, add 4.0 mL of hydrochloric acid, mix, and extract with 40 mL -heptane. Filter the w-heptane layer through glass wool into a beaker, and evaporate the... 

Based on the results from radish seeds, we also studied the influence of the rue extract on germination of purslane. Purslane is a major weed worldwide of 45 crops in 81 countries. The ploughable layer of the soil cropped with maize contains about 220,000 purslane seed per m2. Purslane fruit is a capsule with a pyxidium and a caliptra containing 50-70 black seeds (Holm etal.,1977). 

Garlic supplements - powder tablets or capsules, steam-distilled oil, vegetable oil macerate extract, or extract aged in dilute alcohol - are widely available and are taken by millions. Since the active principle, allicin, is not present in garlic bulb, the supplements rely on the presence of precursor alliin and enzyme alliinase. In tests on 24 commercial brands of enteric-coated tablets, all except one gave low dissolution allicin release 83% of the brands released less than 15% of their potential allicin.78,79 Relevant factors were impaired enzyme activity caused by excipients and slow tablet disintegration. Caveat emptor ... 

Pancreatin is a pancreatic extract usually obtained from the pancrease of slaughterhouse animals. It contains a mixture of enzymes, principally amylase, protease and lipase, and, thus, exhibits a broad digestive capability. It is administered orally mainly for the treatment of pancreatic insufficiency caused by cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis. As it is sensitive to stomach acid, it must be administered in high doses or, more usually, as enteric-coated granules or capsules that may be taken directly or sprinkled upon the food prior to its ingestion. Individual digestive activities, such as papain, pepsin or bromelains (proteases), or a-amylase are sometimes used in place of pancreatin. 

It is possible to extract or remove ionic species, both anions and cations, from soil using ion exchange resins. Both anion and cation exchange resins have been used as well as combinations of the two. Resins can be added to the soil and mixed, or they can be contained in a bag (Procedure 11.11), on a strip, or in capsules buried in soil. Mixing resins with soil allows for more intimate contact with soil and with the soil solution. However, one is faced with separation of the resin from soil at the end of some extraction time. Resins in bags, on strips, or as capsules can easily be removed from soil. However, the resins do not have as intimate contact with soil in this procedure. Good relationships between all these methods and standard extraction methods have been obtained and all approaches have found utility in determining the amounts of various ions in soil. 

A further type of vaccine included in the subunit category is the capsular polysaccharide vaccines, for example, those against Haemophilus influenzae and meningococcal meningitis. In this case an extract of the polysaccharide outer capsule of the bacterium is used as a vaccine and is sometimes conjugated to protein to... 

Ginkgo extracts show rapid absorption after oral administration of capsules, tablets, and drops (Li and Wong 1997 Wojcicki et al. 1995). The pharmacokinetics for the ginkgo terpene lactones have been determined... 

Sample preparation (SP) is generally not given adequate attention in discussions of pharmaceutical analysis even though its proper execution is of paramount importance in achieving fast and accurate quantification (see Chapter 5). Non-robust SP procedures, poor techniques, or incomplete extraction are the major causes of out-of-trend and out-of-specification results. The common SP techniques have been reviewed with a strong focus on tablets or capsules, as they are the primary products of the pharmaceutical industry. Detailed descriptions of SP methods for assays and impurity testing are provided with selected case studies of single- and multi-component products. 

The assay of potency involves the determination of the API to ensure conformance to label claim. For tablets or capsules, a composite assay requires fO-20 units to minimize tablet-to-tablet variation. In assays, it is critical for the quantitative extraction and recovery of the API meet the typical specification limit between 90.0% and 110.0% of label claim. 

Many preparations of feverfew are available to the general public from health food shops and similar outlets in the U.K. They take the form of herbal or homeopathic preparations. The herbal preparations may contain just dried leaf in tablet or capsule form or indeed the dried whole plant. There are many different dosages on the market ranging from 25 to 390 mg per tablet or capsule. When the platelet antisecretory activity that could be extracted from some of these preparations was compared with that extracted from known amounts of feverfew, the apparent feverfew content of most preparations was found to be lower that that stated on the preparation [70]. In the case of the homeopathic preparation, no antisecretory activity was detected. 

The capsules contained a mean of 82 mg feverfew and thus the level of activity calculated as parthenolide can be estimated as 0.67%. Other studies quote 0.87% sesquiterpene lactones calculated as parthenolide [27] and 0.25-0.30% of active (antimicrobial) material [33]. Bohlmann s extraction of individual components from the dried plant yielded 116 mg sesquiterpene lactones/kg dried feverfew which amounts to less than 0.01 % [17]. Another extraction yielded 330 mg endoperoxides/kg and 56 mg canin/kg alone [19] which would amount to a level of sesquiterpene lactones of at least 0.04%. Thus, the level of sesquiterpene lactones appears to vary with different sources of the plant and this could have been due to a number of factors including the conditions in which feverfew was grown, the season in which it was picked and the way in which it was stored. Another important determinant of the parthenolide content of feverfew appears to be the geographical location. A recent survey of commercial preparations found that all the North American commercial products tested contained less that 0.1% parthenolide, wheras much higher values were obtained for British products. A minimum level of 0.2% parthenolide in commercial products has been proposed by the Health Protection Branch of Health and Welfare Canada [71]. 

---