Extraction maceration

Not all of the classical extraction processes are suitable for ultrasonic enhancement. For example, among the existing techniques used to obtain bio-active extracts from plant material (direct distillation, water steam distillation, organic solvent extraction, maceration, cold/hot fat extraction, etc.) [195] the water steam distillation is not amenable to ultrasonic enhancement. 

Plant tissue Extract macerated sample with hexane-acetone clean GC-ECD 0.3 g/kg No data Jacobs et al. 

Fluid extract Concentrated alcoholic solutions of animal or vegetable drugs obtained by removal of active constituent by extraction (maceration, percolation)... 

Extraction is a process of separation of active compounds from plant material using different solvents. Extract can be prepared using various methods, such as sonification, heating under reflux, Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and others. Different solvent systems are available to extract the bioactive compound from natural products. The solvent systems used in extraction are selected on the basis of their capacity to dissolve the maximum amount of desired active constituents and the minimum amount of undesired constituents. The extraction of hydrophilic compoxmds uses polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol, or ethyl acetate. For extraction of more lipophilic compounds, dichloromethane and a mixture of dichloromethane/methanol are used (Sasidharan et al. 2011). Due to the fact that extracts usually occur as a combination of various types of bioactive compounds or phytochemicals with different polarities, their separation to obtain pure compounds using different separation techniques such as TLC, column chromatography, flash chromatography, Sephadex chromatography, and HPLC is still required. The pure compounds are then used for the determinaticai of stracture and antimicrobial activity. 

This conversion has been observed in the apozymase system under conditions similar to those under which the rev<>rse cliangc occurs. It takes place also in an aqueous extract ( maceration juice ) from dried ground bottom yeast, while this is catalyzing the oxidation of hexose diphosphate (1,24). Not any oxidation in which cozymase is involved is adequate for conversion of cozymase to coenzyme II the preparation oxidized alcohol... 

Dosage forms of naturally occurring materials having therapeutic activity are prepared by extractive processes, especially percolation and maceration. Examples of such dosage forms have included certain tinctures, symps, fluid extracts, and powdered extracts. 

The food flavor industry is the largest user of vanillin, an indispensable ingredient in chocolate, candy, bakery products, and ice cream. Commercial vanilla extracts are made by macerating one part of vanilla beans with ten parts of 40—50% alcohol. Although vanillin is the primary active ingredient of vanilla beans, the full flavor of vanilla extract is the result of the presence of not only vanillin but also other ingredients, especially Httle-known resinous materials which contribute greatly to the quaUty of the flavor. 

That the degree of comminution on its own is not the only factor involved in the kinetics-of the release of the active principles, but that evidently the nature and amount of the accompanying substances also play an essential part, has been demonstrated in the case of the sennosides in aqueous preparations (hot extractions and cold macerates) from senna fruits and senna leaves [3],... 

In the United States and in Mexico there has been recent renewed interest in the guayule shrub as a source of natural rubbber. Whilst this shrub could provide an indigenous source of supply to these countries the rubber is more difficult to obtain. At present it is necessary to pull up the bush, macerate it, extract the rubber with solvent and then to preeipitate it from solvent. 

Purification of the crude iodoxybenzene is effected by grinding it to a powder in a mortar, macerating it with 70 ml. of chloroform, and separating the solid by filtration. The chloroform extraction is repeated and the solid is dried weight 17-19 g. (72-80%) purity 99.0-99.9% by iodometric titration.3... 

The influence of enzyme maceration using pectinolytic enzyme preparations (Pectofruit and Pectofruit Press) on anthocyanin extraction at 43°C from two variants of black currant berries was studied. Enzymes accelerated the extraction yield the yield of anthocyanin extraction was similar for both enzymes and the duration did not influence the total content of released pigments. 

Bautista-Ortin. A.B., Improving color extraction and stability in red wines the use of maceration enzymes and enological taimins, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 40, 1, 2005. 

Laporiuk, B. et al.. Influence of enzyme maceration on anthocyanin extraction from hlackcnrrant Ribes nigrum (L.) berries, in Proceedings of 3rd International Congress on Pigments in Food, Le Berre, Quimper, France, 2004, 32. 

Maceration of crnshed or gronnd material in methanol containing small amounts of HCl (<1%) is commonly used at refrigerated temperatures for times ranging from a few hours to overnight. The extracted material is usually too dilute for further analyses and the extraction procednre is usually followed by evaporation of the methanol using vacnnm and mild temperatures (30 to 40°C). Alternatively, the plant materials and solvents can be mixed well with a laboratory blender for a few minutes or a chemical-resistant stir bar for a longer time. Concentration of anthocyanin extracts can be done by rotary evaporation under vacuum conditions for volatile solvents or lyophilization for water. 

If we compare liquefaction to maceration, more activities are needed to liquefy the cell wall. Since 1991, new pectinases activities such as rhamnogalacturonase, pectin acetylesterase and xyloglucanases complex have been found to be important in the apple liquefaction by Henck Schols, Jean-Paul Vincken and Voragen [3]. The cellulose-xyloglucan complex accounts approximatively 57% of the apple cell-wall matrix. In a liquefaction process, an efficient enzymic degradation of this complex is crucial to increase the sugars extraction, to decrease the viscosity of the pulp then to be able to ultra-filtrate the juice without second depectinisation, at last to have negative alcohol tests required by some concentrate customers. 

Plant material is macerated using two volumes of 2-propanol as the extraetion solvent. The 2-propanol solvent is then deeanted and filtered. Any solid material in the filter is returned to the extraction vessel, and the entire proeedure is reiterated until the extract produced is colorless. A small volume of dioxane, 15% of the total extraeted volume, is added to the combined extracts. The chlorophyll-containing solution is then triturated with water until it is turbid, and then it is placed in a refrigerator for 2 to 3 h. 

The material to be extracted is crushed or chopped and then macerated with two to three volumes of methanol. The extract is removed and the procedure repeated several times. 

Here two components, the free phenol and the intact ester, are included in the residue definition. Usually, analytical methods for the determination of bromoxynil and its octanoate begin with hydrolysis during maceration of the sample. If those methods are validated, the sole fortification of the octanoate is sufficient. However, in other existing methods, hydrolysis follows a separate extraction step. In that case, the chosen solvent must be able to extract both compounds with equal efficiency. 

The residue is removed from the leaf surface by shaking the leaf punch sample in an aqueous surfactant solution. This allows for removal of test substance residue from the leaf surface. It does not remove residue absorbed on the plant matrix that extraction and maceration in organic solvents would release. Generally, the extraction with aqueous surfactant is performed using a mechanical shaker for a 10-min interval and is repeated to increase transfer efficiency. 

Macerated plant material is homogenized with a mixture of methanol and 1.2N hydrochloric acid (HCl) in water (4 1, v/v) and then with methanol. An internal standard solution is added to the filtrate and the filtrate is adjusted to a constant volume. A portion of the filtrate is rotary evaporated to dryness and hexane is added to the extract before a Florisil cleanup procedure is performed. The extract is dissolved in toluene for analysis by GC/MS in the negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. 

No specific sample preparation or processing is needed for this method. In general, fruits and vegetables were macerated with dry-ice and placed into freezer storage prior to extraction. 

In general, pyriproxyfen residues are stable in macerated crop samples. Stability problems have been observed in summer squash, and this should be extracted within 21 days of harvest. 

In other isolation methods, where the ccmpound(s) was removed from the donor plants, the plant material was either dried or macerated prior to cold and hot water treatment. Soxhlet-type extraction was employed when organic solvents were used. Leaves and stems from the intact plants were extracted to collect the suspected volatile substances and those chemicals likely to be released by rain, mist... 

The residue produced from the 350°C run contained discernible resinite particles. In contrast, examination of the fluorescence of residues from the two 370° runs in blue light showed that little resinite was left undissolved other than that incorporated within a matrix of other macerals. Instead, a diffuse fluorescence had been imparted to the epoxy resin embedding medium. Presumably, the epoxy was able to dissolve some of the liquefied resin remaining after extraction with ethyl acetate. In the residue from the run at 400°C, only one discrete resinite particle was observed among the many coal particles embedded in the epoxy polymer. It appears that in a short time at 350°, most, but not all, of the resinite undergoes liquefaction. All other material in the sample needs considerably more severe treatment. 

Influence of Maceral Composition. Coals of a similar elemental composition can give different extraction yields. 

For example, Beynon and Cwm coals when digested in anthracene oil give extraction yields of 68% and 47% respectively. This variation can be explained by reference to the maceral composition of the coals. Beynon coal contains a lower concentration of inertinite than the Cwm coal (Table V). In experiments where relatively pure samples of petrographic species were digested in anthracene oil, exinite and vitrinite were shown to be highly soluble, whilst in comparison the inertinite was almost completely insoluble. Similar variations in reactivity of macerals have been reported from studies of solubility in pure organic solvents (1(3). 

Coal Total 1 extraction yield (%) Maceral Composition (%) ... 

A system of classifying coals for solvent extraction, based upon the extent of extraction when using anthracene oil and phenanthrene as solvents has been developed. The reactivity of the coals can be conveniently presented by superimposing the results on Seyler s coal chart. The effects of variations in maceral composition are also discussed. 

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