Tablets and capsules

Uses of lactose production by appHcation include baby and infant formulations (30%), human food (30%), pharmaceuticals (25%), and fermentation and animal feed (15%) (39). It is used as a diluent in tablets and capsules to correct the balance between carbohydrate and proteins in cow-milk-based breast milk replacers, and to increase osmotic property or viscosity without adding excessive sweetness. It has also been used as a carrier for flavorings. 

We proposed using MLC for assay of azithromycin in tablets and capsules. As alternative conventional reversed-phase HPLC method MLC was used for analysis of Biseptol (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) tablets and injection. The MLC was proposed to assay of triprolydine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in tablets as alternative normal-phase HPLC method described in USP phamiacopoeia. 

As with tablets and capsules, the prescribed dose of the drug may not be die same as what is on hand (or available). For example, die physician may order 20 mg of an oral liquid preparation and the bottle is labeled as 10 mg/5 mL. 

TR Bates, JM Young, CM Wu, HA Rosenberg. pH-dependent dissolution rate of nitrofurantoin from commercial suspensions, tablets and capsules. J Pharm Sci 63 643-645, 1974. 

Capsule formulations usually require lubricants just as do tablet formulations. Lubricants ease the ejection of plugs, reduce filming on pistons and adhesion of powder to metal surfaces, and reduce friction between sliding surfaces in contact with powder. The same lubricants are used in both tablet and capsule formulations. 

JT Fell. Esophageal transit of tablets and capsules. Am J Hosp Pharm 40 946-948, 1983. 

K Marshall. Instrumentation of tablet and capsule filling machines. Pharm Tech 7(3) 68-82, 1983. 

RF Shangraw, DA Demarest, Jr. A survey of current industrial practices in the formulation and manufacture of tablets and capsules. Pharm Technol 17 32— 44, 1993. 

FW Goodhart, RH McCoy, FC Ninger. New in vitro disintegration and dissolution test method for tablets and capsules. J Pharm Sci 62 304-310, 1973. 

Gel reparations. Some Japanese investigators are promoting the use of jelly-like preparations to help elderly patients overcome their difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets and capsules [184c-184e], These... 

John et al. [37] described a colorimetric method for the estimation of primaquine phosphate. Sample solutions of different dilutions (0.15-0.6 mL) of the drug (6-24 pg/mL) were treated with 5 mL of 1% cerric ammonium sulfate in dilute nitric acid and made up to 25 mL with water. The absorbance of the resulting light purple solution was measured at 480 nm after similar 30 min. Beer s law was obeyed from 5 30 pg/mL of primaquine phosphate. The method is applicable to bulk formulations in addition to tablets and capsule formulation. 

Raman spectroscopy is emerging as a powerful analytical tool in the pharmaceutical industry, both in PAT and in qualitative and quantitative analyses of pharmaceuticals. Reviews of analyses of pharmaceuticals by Raman spectroscopy have been published.158 159 Applications include identification of raw materials, quantification of APIs in different formulations, polymorphic screening, and support of chemical development process scale-up. Recently published applications of Raman spectroscopy in high-throughput pharmaceutical analyses include determination of APIs in pharmaceutical liquids,160,161 suspensions,162 163 ointments,164 gel and patch formulations,165 and tablets and capsules.166-172... 

A major concern of DEA special agents is the identification of the source of drug evidence. One of the methods they use to meet this requirement is through ballistics examinations of tablets. A ballistics examination, in the sense used here, is a combination of in-depth chemical analysis and tool-mark examination of tablets and capsules for the purpose of identifying the manufacturer of the drug. The technique consists of accurate measurements of size scoring, imprints, or bevels the microscopic examination of the imperfections... 

As with source identification of tablets and capsules through ballistics examination, we are also attempting to determine common sources of powers. We have developed methodology which will... 

The most recent converts are in the health care industry. Pharmaceutical and biological applications have become myriad since the early 1980s. The first widespread application was for the identification/ qualification of incoming raw materials. Since then, applications have appeared for moisture (bound and free), blend uniformity of powders, tablet and capsule assays, counterfeiting, polymorphism, degree of crystallinity, hardness (of tablets), dissolution prediction, isomerism, as... 

Over the years, dissolution testing has expanded beyond ordinary tablets and capsules—first to extended-release and delayed-release (enteric-coated) articles, then to transder-mals, multivitamin and minerals products, and to Class Monographs for non-prescription drug combinations. (Note at the time, sustained-release products were being tested, unofficially, in the NF Rotating Bottle apparatus). 

Tablets and capsules that became available on the market in the above time frame often showed 10-20% relative standard deviation in amounts dissolved. The FDA s St. Louis Laboratories results on about 200 different batches of drugs...

In the intervening years, the increase in specifications for oral dosage forms dissolution has been less dramatic. The 14th edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (2002) has included additional dissolution tests for tablets and capsules. Out of a total of 61 tablet monographs, dissolution tests are included in 32. From four capsule monographs, one dissolution test is given (19). 

British Pharmacopoeial Commission. Dissolution test for tablets and capsules. In British Pharmacopoeia 1980. London Her Majesty s Stationary Office, 1980 A114. 

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