Delivery form

Heller, J., and Himmelstein, K. J., Biodegradable poly (ortho esters) as drug delivery forms, in Directed Drug Delivery (R. 

Because of its convenience and good patient compliance, oral administration is the most preferred drug delivery form. As a result, much of the attention of in silico approaches is focused on modeling drug oral absorption, which mainly occurs in the human intestine. In general, drug bioavailability and... 

Dietary supplements are available in a variety of delivery forms such as capsules, tablets, teas, tinctures, extracts, and bulk herbs. Sixty-eight percent of the herbal products available are in the form of a capsule or tablet. Approximately half of the herbal preparations contain a single herb [3]. An example of a softgel is Saw Palmetto Complex by PhytoPharmica. 

The physical state of the skin is considerable affected by external factors such as relative humidity, temperature, and air movement at the skin surface. If this contact is broken (for example, by external applications of ointments or creams), it is reasonable to assume that the new skin will change in some way, sometimes to an extent that creates new conditions of permeability for the test material. This would be the case, for example, if the stratum comeum becomes more hydrated than normal due to the topical delivery form. Temperature might also have an effect, as is the case when any constituents of the vehicle affect the inner structure of the skin through interactions with endogenous skin substances. Often several of these processes occur together. 

Due to the relative ease of oxidation of the parent compound, common delivery forms in cosmetic formulations and clinical trials are vitamin E acetate (a-TAc, structure in Fig. 15.7a) and vitamin E phosphate. These forms are expected to permeate and to regenerate free active a-TH through enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis activities in skin. Although a-TAc is readily hydrolyzed by esterase action to vitamin E upon oral ingestion, no consensus as to the extent of bioconversion of topically applied a-TAc has been reached. Two published studies demonstrate bioconversion up to 10-15% in the viable epidermis [35] including the basal layer [36]. These and other studies show no detectable metabolism of a-TAc in stratum corneum [37]. 

Toncheva, V., Wolfert, M.A., Dash, P.R., Oupicky, D., Ulbrich, K., Seymour, L.W. and Schacht, E.H. (1998) Novel vectors for gene delivery formed by self-assembly of DNA with poly(L-lysine) grafted with hydrophilic polymers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1380, 354-368. 

The attempt to attribute a criminal purpose to the Zyklon deliveries forms part of an outdated system of interpretation which dominated earlier decades to ill effect, but which has been definitively destroyed by Jean-Claude Pressac. Writing in 1989, Pressac stated that 97 to 98 percent of all Zyk-... 

Other applications for chewing gum formulations include delivery of antacids such as calcium carbonate, antiemetics for travel sickness, and vitamins and minerals. However, the potential for a buccal delivery, a fast onset of action, and the opportunity for product line extension makes it an attractive alternative delivery form for other applications. 

The fact that most vegetable oils and fats are nontoxic allows them to be used as reliable excipients or carriers in many pharmaceutical formulations. Vegetable oils and fats have been approved as excipients to facilitate delivery of bioactive compounds, to act as fillers, binders, lubricants, solubilizers, emulsifiers, and emollients in a variety of delivery forms including tablets, capsules, suppositories, emulsions (enteral/parenteral), ointments, creams, and lotions. Other nondirect applications include artificial blood, gene delivery, diagnostic imaging, and medical devices (27). 

Iran (issue, which prevents this molecule from serving as an effective prodnig delivery form of S-fluorouracil. The iilhcruvo enzymes involved in the formation of S-fluoroura-cil occur in high concentrations in target tissues such as cervix, breast, kidney, and colon. 

Patents of several proprietary drugs are about to expire. The introduction of an improved dosage delivery form prior to the expiry of the patent allows the manufacturer to maintain the product with some advantages over generic copies. Several aspects of this are as follows ... 

Sustained released versions of an older drug are easy to copy in the generic form but high tech drag delivery forms are not easy to copy. 

The pharmaceutical analysis of finished solid oral dosage forms is discussed in Chapter 6 from the standpoint of what makes this type of delivery form unique and successful (i.e., the physical properties and the state of the drug substance... 

Cabergoline is a selective D2 ergot agonist with a long half-life (70 hours) that is as effective as bromocriptine but dosed up to 4 mg once a day. It is available in the United States only as a 0.5-mg tablet (Dostinex, Pharmacia) for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia. A transdermal delivery form of the potent dopaminergic agonist... 

FIG. 4.1 Liquid detergent product delivery forms and rheology spectrum. (Courtesy of... 

Pro-soft drugs inactive prodrugs (chemical delivery forms) of a soft drug of any of the above classes including endogenous soft molecules. They are converted enzymatically into the active soft drug, which is subsequently enzymatically deactivated. 

Tablets may consist of one or two (differently colored) layers (Fig. 6.3-24), each providing a specific performance. They are the most compact delivery form of non-liquid...

Because bioactivation is mainly an activation of xenobiotics to electrophilic forms which are entities capable of reacting irreversibly with tissue nucleophiles, biotransformations leading to toxic metabolites are in most cases phase I reactions. However, phase II reactions may also give rise to toxic phenomena, e.g. when conjugation produces a toxic metabolite, or when it is responsible for a specific target organ toxicity by acting as delivery form to particular sites in the body where it is hydrolysed and exerts a localized effect. Also, the final toxic metabolite may be formed by combinations of several phase I and phase II reactions. 

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