Capsular

Vaccines can be roughly categorized into killed vaccines and Hve vaccines. A killed vaccine can be (/) an inactivated, whole microorganism such as pertussis, (2) an inactivated toxin, called toxoid, such as diphtheria toxoid, or (J) one or more components of the microorganism commonly referred to as subunit vaccines. The examples are capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the surface antigen protein for Hepatitis B vims vaccine. 

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. The vaccine consists of a mixture of purified capsular polysaccharides from 23 pneumococcal types that are responsible for over 90% of the serious pneumococcal disease in the world (47,48). Each of the polysaccharide types is produced separately and treated to remove impurities. The latter is commonly achieved by alcohol fractionation, centrifugation, treatment with cationic detergents, proteolytic en2ymes, nucleases or activated charcoal, diafiltration, and lyophili2ation (49,50). The vaccine contains 25 micrograms of each of the types of polysaccharide and a preservative such as phenol or thimerosal. 

Plant stmctural material is the polysaccharide cellulose, which is a linear P (1 — 4) linked polymer. Some stmctural polysaccharides iacorporate nitrogen iato thek molecular stmcture an example is chitin, the material which comprises the hard exoskeletons of kisects and cmstaceans. Chitki is a cellulose derivative whereki the OH at C-2 is replaced by an acetylated amino group (—NHCOCH ). Microbial polysaccharides, of which the capsular or extracellular (exopolysaccharides) are probably the most important class, show more diversity both ki monomer units and the nature of thek linkages. 

Annatto Extract. The aimatto tree (Bixa orelland) is a large, fast-growing shmb cultivated in tropical climates, including parts of South America, India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. The tree produces large clusters of brown or crimson capsular fmit containing seeds coated with a thin, highly... 

Kapsel, /. capsule case, box cap bubble cap priming cap (Founding) chill, mold (Ceram.) sagger, kapselartig, a. capsular. 

Fungi (whole yeasts capsular polysaccharides proteins)... 

In 1967, Heidelberger, Stacey et al. reported the purification, some structural features, and the chemical modification of the capsular polysaccharide from Pneumococcus Type I. Difficulties of direct hydrolysis of the polysaccharide were overcome and it was possible to identify some of the fragments in the hy-drolyzate. At least six products resulted from nitrous acid deamination. Two were disaccharides, which were identified, and sequences of linked sugar units were proposed. As modification of the polysaccharide decreased the amounts of antibody precipitated by anti-pneumococcal Type I sera, the importance of the unmodified structural features in contributing to the specificity of the polysaccharide was indicated. 

By 1945, Stacey speculated about the possibility of a structural relationship between Pneumococcus capsular polysaccharides and those produced by other organisms. With Miss Schliichterer, he had examined the capsular polysaccharide of Rhizobium radicicolum. This polysaccharide gave a precipitin reaction in high dilution, not only with Type III Pneumococcus antiserum, but also mixed with antisera from other Pneumococcus types. The chemical evidence indicated that the polysaccharide resembled the specific polysaccharides of Types I and II Pneumococcus. A decade later, the acidic capsular polysaccharide from Azoto-bacter chroococcum, a soil organism, was studied. It, too, produced serological cross-reactions with certain pneumococcal specific antisera. Although the molecular structure of the polysaccharide was not established, adequate evidence was accumulated to show a structural relationship to Type III Pneumococcus-specific polysaccharide. This was sufficiently close to account for the Type III serological cross-relationship. 

L-Fucosamine was found as a constituent of Pneumococcus Type V capsular polysaccharide and as a constituent of the mucopolysaccharides (glycosamino-glycans) of certain enteric bacteria A new synthesis was devised to make the amino sugar more available. 

Sulfonamide Drugs and Pneumococcus Capsular Polysaccharides, M. Stacey and E. Schliichterer, Nature. 143 (1939)724. 

Structure of Pneumococcus Capsular Polysaccharides, S. A. Barker and M. Stacey, Biochem. /., 82... 

The presence and biological importance of oligosaccharide structures, usually as components of glycolipids and glycoproteins, in bacterial capsular and cell-wall polysaccharides, in mammalian cell membranes, in cytoplasm, and in extracellular fluids, are now well documented. They are important constituents in... 

Note a, b, and e are in A. a = p= 90 and 7 are in degress. a Chitin I and U were originally termed [S- and a-chitin, respectively. b Non-half-staggered double helix. e Capsular polysaccharide. 

Fig. 39.—fa) Stereo view of two turns of the left-handed. 2-fold helix of E. coli capsular polysaccharide (46) stabilized by hydrogen bonds involving both main and side chains. The vertical line represents the helix axis. 

Table A31 Structure 47 Rhizobium trifolii Capsular Polysaccharide ...

Garrido, L. and Young, V.L. Analysis of periprosthetic capsular tissue from women with silicone breast implants by magic-angle spinning NMR, Magn. Res. Med., 42, 436, 1999. 

Ajmal, N. et al. The effectiveness of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna) in reducing capsular formation around implants in a rabbit model. Blast. Reconstr. Surg., 112, 1455, 2003. 

Fagrell, D. et al. Capsular contracture around saline-filled fine textured and smooth mammary implants A prospective 7.5 year follow-up. Blast. Reconstr. Surg., 108, 2108, 2001. 

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