Musk scent

The elder flower is rather musk-scented. Some feel that its perfume is somewhat psychoactive, and this may be the reason why so much lore and legend surround it. Elder blossoms are often used in herbal salves for tropical application to the skin. Other common herbs included in such salves are comfrey leaves (Symphytum officinale), calendula (Calendula officinalis) blossoms and plantain (Plantago major) leaves. 

Musk mallow A European mallow (Malva moschata) with faintly musk scented foUege. 

The variety of uses of (-)-isopropylephedrine as a chiral auxiliary in enantiose- Another important tetra-lective protonation was demonstrated by Charles Fehr, not only for damascene lin-musk scent is tonalide. Its but also for tetralin-musk-scented compounds (e.g. Vulcanolide ). Deprotonation of 2,2,4,5-tetramethylhex-4-en-3-one with LDA gives the dienolate in an ( /Z)-ratio of 1 9. This can be protonated very selectively with iso-... 

Ambergris is the most subtle of the animal perfumes. It is used to make floral scents appear richer and to round off perfumes with aldehydic character such as Chanel No.5. Civetone contributes a typical animal-like note, as in Jicky from Guerlain (Fig. 3.45). In Musk for Men OW Spice , dating fi om 1974, musk provides the only dominant basic scent. Combinations of musk, ambergris and oak moss are found in more than 50 % of all men s toiletries a typical representative is Tabac from the year 1959. Perfumes for ladies also make use of musk scents, as for example in Narciso Rodriguez . Synthetic muscone is used, since this possesses a smoother, less penetrant scent than animal musk. 

Musk-scented materials are in part stiU obtained from natural sources. Considering this high priced product family, there was - and is - a large market for surrogates. 

The particular structural characteristics of natural musk-scented compounds (macrocyclic ketones and lactones) provided the opportunity to develop a host of elegant synthetic methods. 

Neohexene musk scent for detergent perfume industry is synthesized by metathesis from ethylene and, , -trimethyl- entene. 

Oil and absolute are used in sophisticated types of perfumes and in soaps, detergents, creams, and lotions maximum use level reported is 0.12% for the oil in perfumes. The oil is valued for its sweet, rich wine or brandy-like, floral, musky scent with a unique bouquet and roundness. While resembling animal-derived musk scents, ambrette seed oil lacks the fecal note sometimes found in the former (csir i) one of the most expensive essential oils. 

CifiHjoO. A yellow liquid b.p. 330°C. The perfume base obtained from the scent glands of the Tibetan musk deer also available by synthesis. 

FIGURE 9.2 Immature muskrats do not avoid live traps scented with musk from adult male muskrats, as adults do. (After data from van den Berk and Miiller-Schwarze, 1984.)... 

Synthetic musks are also desirable in consumer products because of their fixative properties. Much as they are classified into these two groups, the members within each group of synthetic musks are quite diverse and do not have a common chemical stmctme. Thus, even within each group, musks cannot be tmated as a single entity in terms of characteristics except for the musky scent common to aU musks. Cosmetics application and absorption from textiles is a major somce of HHCB and AHTN, materials that end up in the environment (Cadby et al., 2002). 

The classical scent of the sea is afforded by ambergris, which is also the best fixative for perfumes. Once secured from whales, ambergris can now be legally provided by chemical synthesis (Science whaling 2000). Other fixatives are obtained from land animals, such as castoreum, civet, and musk. The first one is a phenolic substance and the latter two macrocyclic ketones that have stimulated the earfy methodologies for the synthesis of macrocyclic conqjoimds... 

In 1986 the largest ever smell survey was carried out involving 1.5 million people from all over the world. They were given scratch and sniff cards and a questionnaire to answer. The scents tested were androstenone, isoamyl acetate (banana), glaxolide (a synthetic musk), eugenol (cloves), rose, and a mercaptan (the one added to natural gas to make it detectable). Of those who took part, 50% were able to detect all six smells and only 1% could detect none of them. Women were found to be better than men. The smell that was sensed the least was androstenone, and if this really is a human pheromone then it does not operate by having an irresistible odour. 

After some time, Bob s scolex returns to the ship. His breathing is rapid and heavy as he makes an oboe-like sound. Bob smells the faint odor of a scent resembling musk. 

We designate as natural all materials that are obtained from natural sources by the application of physical separation techniques such as distillation and extraction. Natural products have been used for many thousands of years as the raw materials of perfumery. Entire plants, flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, as well as woods, roots, and the resins they exude, are all sources of fragrance materials. Similarly the scent glands of animals such as the civet cat and the musk deer have been used since early civilization to provide perfume for humans. 

The musk glands of the male musk deer (Moschus moschifems) have been used in a number of ways because of their strong scent. In Asia, the glands are dried, and sold in powdered form as a sexual aid. Musk is also an important fixative in perfume and incense. Some mosques in the Middle East reportedly were built with musk mixed in with the mortar, which can still be smelled today. 

We and other animals produce their own scents. These are covalent molecules called pheromones chemicals used to attract or repel people of the opposite sex. Small quantities are produced and can be blown over long distances. Even in very dilute quantities their smell can be picked up. Perfume manufacturers try to copy these smells when making up scents, e.g. Musk for men . Hospital smells are really covalent compounds floating in the air and these attack our noses. 

These preliminary results seem to confirm that extracts of muskrat preputial glands and possibly also of sweet flag can indeed enhance the catches of muskrats, especially in scented funnel traps in artificial pipes at river banks, where migrating muskrats pass. The animals caught are then mainly males which preferentially enter artificial pipes scented with extracts of musk glands which - it should be remarked here - are produced by other males. 

The muskrat secretes its musk during scent marking through the penis. The soles of the hind feet pick up the fluid and throw it behind the animal (22). 

More than 6 000 tonnes of polycyclic musks (Figure 4.6) have been produced worldwide since 1996 [47]. They are present at concentrations of up to several mg/g of product [48] as fragrances in perfumes, detergents, soaps, lotions, air fresheners, and other scented personal products. These compounds are hydrophobic and persistent, bioaccumulate in food webs, have toxic effects, and are widespread in surface waters, sediments, fish, and human adipose tissues and... 

The male musk deer, a small antlerless deer found in the mountain regions of China and Tibet, has long been hunted for its musk, a strongly scented liquid used in early medicine and later in perfumery. 

Muskrats of both sexes have a pair of large glands near their anus, which enlarge during the breeding season, and produce a strongly scented chemical called musk, from which the common name of these animals is derived. Musk is used in the manufacture of perfumes, although it is not commonly harvested from muskrats for this purpose. 

Acetic acid, phenyl-, isobutyl ester AI3-01969 Benzeneacetic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester CCRIS 7324 EINECS 203-007-9 FEMA No. 2210 Isobutyl a-toluate Isobutyl phenylaoetate Isobutyl phenylethanoate 2-Methylpropyl benzeneacetate 2-Methylpropyl phenylaoetate NSC 6602 Phenylacetio acid, isobutyl ester. Used in perfumery as a sweet musk chocolate amber scent. Solid bp = 247 di8 = 0.999 = 257, 264 nm (MeOH) insoluble in H2O, soluble in... 

The harvesting of animals for fragrance material is now illegal. In the past wild musk deer were killed for scent glands that yielded aromatic musk containing the cyclic ketone, muscone. The development of synthetic musks for the fragrance industry has helped save the musk deer from extinction. 

Thus, Amoore suggests that, if we have a specific olfactory receptor for a given odorant then that odorant might be naturally given off by the body. The sweaty odor of isovaleric acid is probably part of the foot odor and is produced by the action of skin bacteria on apocrine secretion (see below). Pyrolline, the spermous odor, has been shown to be produced by enzymatic breakdown of the polyamines in semen (40). Androst-16-en-3-one, the urinous primary odor, has axillary-like odor the related androstenol, which is found in urine, is perceived as a musky odor to some individuals (41). Both steroids are found in axillary sweat and may be formed as metabolites of apocrine secretion. Chemicals which fit the malty anosmia have not as yet been reported from human odor sources. The natural musks, such as cycloheptadecenone (civet), were first obtained from animal scent glands. 

---