Calendulas

Ringel, m. n. little ring or circle, ringlet, circlet, loop, -blume, /. marigold (Calendula). -erz, n. ring ore. 

The elder flower is rather musk-scented. Some feel that its perfume is somewhat psychoactive, and this may be the reason why so much lore and legend surround it. Elder blossoms are often used in herbal salves for tropical application to the skin. Other common herbs included in such salves are comfrey leaves (Symphytum officinale), calendula (Calendula officinalis) blossoms and plantain (Plantago major) leaves. 

Classical examples of anti-inflammatory Asteraceae are Arnica montana and Calendula officinalis, both used in European medicine to treat bruises and contusions. There is an expanding body of evidences to suggest that Asteraceae could be a useful source of anti-inflammatories, such as sesquiterpene lactones and/or triterpene alcohols, the latter being known to inhibit 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice as efficiently as commercial indomethacine by possible inhibition of phospholipase A2 (10). 

Materials Optical coherence microscope (OCM), personal computer for visualization and recording of images, distilled water, slides and cultivated plants in natural conditions or freshly harvested. The following plants were investigated Nicotiana affinis L., Calendula officinalis L., Urtica dioica L., Atriplex sp., Picea and Pinus sylvestris. 

Fig. 1 Leaf trichomes a - Calendula officinalis L., b - Nicotiana affinis L.

Fig. 1 The fluorescing images of secretory cells under luminescent microscope. A and B. Blue-fluorescing stinging and non-stinging secretory hairs of Urtica dioica, relatively on stem and leaf C and D - green-yellow-fluorescing leaf glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum tuberosum, E. - Blue-fluorescing leaf cells of Achillea millefolium F - yellow fluoresced gland of leaf Calendula officinalis., G., H and I -secretory hairs, idioblasts and crystal on the surface on the root of Ruta graveolens, relatively.

Another study employed both TLC and HPLC for the analysis of carotenoids of Calendula officinalis L. TLC separation of all E(trans)-a,3-carotene, cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein was performed on a silica layer using petroleum ether-j-propanol-CIICI, (90 10 70 v/v). The same carotenoid pigments were separated by RP-HPLC using an ODS column (250X4 mm, i.d.). The organic modifiers were methanol, THF and ethyl octane. The flow rate was 1 ml/min, pigments were detected at 440 nm [20],... 

The flavonoid content of the tinctures of Calendula officinalis L., Passiflora incarnata L and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. was investigated by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effect, and the beneficial influence to treat hepatic injuries, tension... 

Chromatographic profiles of calendula, milk-thistle and passion flower tinctures (each 60 per cent v/v, ethanol) are shown in Fig. 2.50. Analytes were well separated under the... 

Fig. 2.50. Profiles of calendula (a), milk-thistle (b) and passion flower (c) tinctures (each 60 per cent v/v, ethanol) with the HPLC-MS attributions of the components detected, lc = quercetin-3-O-ruti-nosylrhamnoside 2c = rutin 3c = isorhamnetin-3-O-ruti-nosylrhamnoside 4c = isoquercitrin 5c = isorhamnetin-3-O-gluco-sylglucoside 6c = narcissin 7c = isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside lm = taxifolin 2m = siliydianin 3m = silychristin 4m = oxy derivative of silybin/isosilybin isomers 5m and 6m = 2,3-dehydro derivatives of silybin/isosilybin isomers 7m = silybin 8m = isosilybin lp = 6,8-diC-glucosylapigenin 2p = isoschaftoside 3p = shaftoside 4p = homoorientin 5p = isovetexin-2"-0-glucoside 6p = vitexin. Reprinted with permission from A. R. Biha et al. [150].

LIST AND AMOUNTS (MG/ML MEANS SD OF RESULTS FROM THREE REPLICATE ANALYSES) OF FLAVONOLS PRESENT IN CALENDULA. FLAVOLIGNANS IN MILK-THISTLE AND FLAVONS PASSION FLOWER TINCTURES... 

P. Lowalowski, J. Burczyk, B. Smietana, A. Stolarczyk, K.Terminska. M. Zych and M. Kopec, The optimization of the chromatographic separation of the inflorescences of Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) — orange modification. Herba Polonica XLV (1999) 324—333 (in Polish). 

A.R. Bilia, D. Salvini, G. Mazzi and F.F. Vincieri, Characterization of calendula flower, milk-thistle fruit, and passion flower tinctures by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Chromatographia 53 (2001) 210-215. 

Many hardy annuals, such as calendula (pot marigold), Phacelia tanacetifolia, and the poached-egg plant Limnanthes douglosii), will self-seed, reappearing year after year. Self-sown plants tend to be much sturdier, and flower earlier, than those you sow yourself. Unwanted seedlings can simply be hoed off, or transplanted to a more appropriate site. 

Borage (blue or, rarely, white) Calendula (orange)... 

Grow annual flowering plants such as calendula (also edible) or Convolvulus tricolor to attract predators to improve pest control. 

Susceptible plants Chrysanthemum, cineraria, calendula, lettuce, groundsel, sow-thistle, and other members of the Asteraceae family, indoors and outside. 

As its name suggests, supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) relies on the solubilizing properties of supercritical fluids. The lower viscosities and higher diffusion rates of supercritical fluids, when compared with those of liquids, make them ideal for the extraction of diffusion-controlled matrices, such as plant tissues. Advantages of the method are lower solvent consumption, controllable selectivity, and less thermal or chemical degradation than methods such as Soxhlet extraction. Numerous applications in the extraction of natural products have been reported, with supercritical carbon dioxide being the most widely used extraction solvent. However, to allow for the extraction of polar compounds such as flavonoids, polar solvents (like methanol) have to be added as modifiers. There is consequently a substantial reduction in selectivity. This explains why there are relatively few applications to polyphenols in the literature. Even with pressures of up to 689 bar and 20% modifier (usually methanol) in the extraction fluid, yields of polyphenolic compounds remain low, as shown for marigold Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae) and chamomile Matricaria recutita, Asteraceae). " ... 

L.-J. Proust detected manganese in the ash of the pine, the fig tree, the calendula, and other plants (144). In 1849 Prince Salm-Horstmar found it in the ash of the oat plant (45). According to A. T. Shohl, plants store manganese in their leaves and seeds, and use it as an essential element in their nutrition (146). 

Marked variations in the stability of 21 tinctures and 13 related singleentity plant compounds were noted (26). Bilia et al. (27) investigated the stability of 40% and 60% v/v tinctures of artichoke, SJW, calendula flower, milk thistle fruit, and passionflower. The investigation showed a very low thermal stability of the constituents from accelerated and long-term testing as determined by HPLC iode array detector and MS analyses. Stability was related both to the class of flavonoids and water content of the investigated tinctures. Shelf life at 25° C of the most stable tincture (passionflower 60% v/v) was about six months, whereas that of the milk thistle tinctures was only about three months. The stability of artichoke and... 

Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Gallori S, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF. Stability of the constituents of Calendula, milk-thistle and Passionflower tinctures by LC-DAD and LC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002 30 613-624. 

Calendula officinalis L. Jin Tsan Jiu (Marigold) (whole plant) Arnidiol, carotenes, calenduline, cerylalcohol, flavoxanthin, lycopene, oleanolic acid, inulin, rebixanthin, violaxanthin. tocopherol, salicylic acid.50 Treat bleeding gums, bleeding piles, for amenorrhea, bruises, cholera, cramps, eruption, fevers, flu. 

Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum, R. undulatum, R. koreanum Calendula officinalis Camellia japonica Camellia japonica... 

Achillea alpina, A. millefolium, Aleurites moluceanu, Alpinia katsumadai, A. globosum, A. kumatake, Anthriscus aemula, A. sylvestris, Blumea lacera, Daucus camta, Eriobotrya japonica, Calendula officinalis, Gnaphalium affine, G. arenarium, G. confusum, G. javanum, G. luteo-album, G. multiceps,... 

Calendula officinalis, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Lactuca raddeana, L. indica, L. sativa Taraxacum officinale Caltha palustris... 

Adenophora triphylla, A. verticillata, Ajuga bracteosa, Calendula officinalis, Campanula gentianoides,... 

Calendula officinalis, Crocus sativus, Daucus carota, Hippophae rhamnoides... 

Salicylic acid Calendula officinalis, Gaultheria leucocarpa, Pterocarya stenoptera, Scopalia dulcis... 

Carotenoids Hippophae rhamnoides, Calendula ojjicinalis, Citrus aurantium, Ginkgo biloba, Viscum album... 

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