Cadmium stress

Gold C, Feurtet-Mazel A, Coste M, Boudou A (2003) Effects of cadmium stress on periphytic diatom communities in indoor artificial streams. Freshw Biol 48 316... 

Sublethal effects in birds are similar to those in other species and include growth retardation, anemia, renal effects, and testicular damage (Hammons et al. 1978 Di Giulio et al. 1984 Blus et al. 1993). However, harmful damage effects were observed at higher concentrations when compared to aquatic biota. For example, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed 75 mg Cd/kg diet developed bone marrow hypoplasia, anemia, and hypertrophy of both heart ventricles at 6 weeks (Richardson et al. 1974). In zinc-deficient diets, effects were especially pronounced and included all of the signs mentioned plus testicular hypoplasia. A similar pattern was evident in cadmium-stressed quail on an iron-deficient diet. In all tests, 1% ascorbic acid in the diet prevented cadmium-induced effects in Japanese quail (Richardson et al. 1974). In studies with Japanese quail at environmentally relevant concentrations of 10 pg Cd/kg B W daily (for 4 days, administered per os), absorbed cadmium was transported in blood in a form that enhanced deposition in the kidney less than 0.7% of the total administered dose was recovered from liver plus kidneys plus duodenum (Scheuhammer 1988). 

Marshall, J.S. 1978. Population dynamics of Daphnia galeata mendotae as modified by chronic cadmium stress. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 35 461-469. 

Lee, S., Moon, J. S., Ko, T.-S., Petros, D., Goldsbrough, P. B., and Korhan, S. S., 2003b, Overexpression of Arabidopsis phytochelatin synthase paradoxically leads to hypersensitivity to cadmium stress, Plant Physiol. 131 656-663. 

Initial studies of proteome responses to environmental chemicals in soil-dwelling animals or plants are currently under way. Kuperman et al. (2004) have used the approach to identify differentially expressed proteins in earthworms exposed to chemical warfare agents. Toxicological studies also have been undertaken. Vido et al. (2001) analysed yeast cells exposed to an acute cadmium stress 54 proteins were induced and 43 repressed. Finally, Bradley (2000) used two-... 

Baillieul, M. and Blust, R. (1999) Analysis of the swimming velocity of cadmium-stressed Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology, 44, 245-254. 

ALLEVIATION EFFECTS OF SALICYLIC ACID AND LANTHANUM ON ULTRAWEAK BIOLUMINESCENCE IN MAIZE LEAVES UNDER CADMIUM STRESS... 

Cadmium was selected for laboratory experiments as its toxic eifects on insects were well proved (Martoja et al., 1983 Hopkin, 1989 Helidvaara and Vaisanen, 1993). Its effect on production of free radicals has been discussed above. By elimination of zinc from metallothioneins cadmium may indirectly stimulate reactive oxygen particles (Viarengo, 1989). Direct inhibitory effects on detoxifying enzymes have been well documented (Byczkowski and Sorenson, 1984 Palace and Kleverkamp, 1993). Enzyme activity pattern under cadmium stress shows a cumulative eifects of many interacting factors. 

Migula, P., Glowacka, E., 1998. Cadmium stress and biomerkers of exposure in two populations of the red wood ants Formica aquilonia and F. polyctena). In Migula, P., Dolezych, B., Nakonieczny, M., (Eds.), Proceed-... 

Zomova, R, Vasquez, S., Esteban, E., Femandez-Pascual, M., Carpena, R., 2002. Cadmium-stress in nodulated white lupin strategies to avoid toxicity. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40,1003-1009. 

M. Messiaen, K.A.C. De Schamphelaere, B.T.A. Muyssen, C.R. Janssen, The micro-evolutionary potential of Daphnia magna population exposed to temperature and cadmium stress, Ecotox. Environ. Safety 73 (2010) 1114-1122. 

Leaves from Brassica juncea were also studied by Zhu et al. Using SECM images of the oxygen production above stomatal complexes, the authors demonstrated the effect of cadmium-induced chemical stress on stomatal density and size. The presence of cadmium in electrolyte solution resulted in a lower stomatal density and larger stomatal size as compared to control leaves. Also, the oxygen production from cadmium-stressed plants was lower. This decrease in oxygen production was related to a lower photosynthetic yield, as opposed to closed stomatal complexes. 

D. Berman, "Effect of Baking and Stress on the Hydrogen Content of Cadmium Plated High Strength Steels," paper 192 presented at Corrosion 85 NMCE, Materials Peformance, Boston, Mass., Sept. 1985. 

The differing malleabilities of metals can be traced to their crystal structures. The crystal structure of a metal typically has slip planes, which are planes of atoms that under stress may slip or slide relative to one another. The slip planes of a ccp structure are the close-packed planes, and careful inspection of a unit cell shows that there are eight sets of slip planes in different directions. As a result, metals with cubic close-packed structures, such as copper, are malleable they can be easily bent, flattened, or pounded into shape. In contrast, a hexagonal close-packed structure has only one set of slip planes, and metals with hexagonal close packing, such as zinc or cadmium, tend to be relatively brittle. 

Hi) Poly amines. In many respects the role of poly amines in plant functioning is still mysterious after many years work. They are almost certainly involved in the control of growth and development through their interactions with nucleic acids and membranes (Smith, 1985). There is increasing circumstantial evidence for their involvement, especially of putrescine, in plant responses to a wide range of stresses including pH, Mg deficiency, osmotic shock, cold, SO2 pollution, and cadmium and ammonium toxicity (Smith, 1985). It remains to be determined, however, how, and indeed whether, putrescine accumulation in response to these diverse stresses is beneficial. 

Jackson, P.J., Naranjo, C.M., McClure, P.R. Roth, E.J. (1985). The molecular response of cadmium resistant Datura innoxia cells to heavy metal stress. In Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress, ed. J.L. Key and T. Kosuge, pp. 145-60. New York Alan R. Liss. 

The surface-phase layers will difier in character depending on the stractures of metal and oxide. On certain metals (zinc, cadmium, magnesium, etc.), loose, highly porous layers are formed which can attain appreciable thicknesses. On other metals (aluminum, bismuth, titanium, etc.), compact layers with low or zero porosity are formed which are no thicker than 1 pm. In a number of cases (e.g., on iron), compact films are formed wfiicfi fiave a distorted lattice, owing to the influence of substrate metal stracture and of the effect of chemical surface forces. The physicochemical and thermodynamic parameters of such films differ from tfiose of ordinary bulk oxides. Because of the internal stresses in the distorted lattice, such films are stable only when their thickness is insignificant (e.g., up to 3 to 5 nm). 

Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Dawson MA, WenzlofF DR. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in the winter flounder (Pseudoplumnectes amer-icanus). In Koeman JH, Strik JJ, editors, Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Wayland M, Gilchrist HG, Marchant T, Keating J, Smits JE. 2002. Immune function, stress response, and body condition in Arctic-breeding common eiders in relation to cadmium, mercury, and selenium concentrations. Environ Res 90 47-60. 

Stolzberg [143] has reviewed the potential inaccuracies of anodic stripping voltammetry and differential pulse polarography in determining trace metal speciation, and thereby bio-availability and transport properties of trace metals in natural waters. In particular it is stressed that nonuniform distribution of metal-ligand species within the polarographic cell represents another limitation inherent in electrochemical measurement of speciation. Examples relate to the differential pulse polarographic behaviour of cadmium complexes of NTA and EDTA in seawater. 

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