Heart ventricles

Frog heart ventricle Cr liquid membrane micropipet (Corning exchanger 477915) Cl" 17.6 + 0.57 mM 136)... 

Sublethal effects in birds are similar to those in other species and include growth retardation, anemia, renal effects, and testicular damage (Hammons et al. 1978 Di Giulio et al. 1984 Blus et al. 1993). However, harmful damage effects were observed at higher concentrations when compared to aquatic biota. For example, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed 75 mg Cd/kg diet developed bone marrow hypoplasia, anemia, and hypertrophy of both heart ventricles at 6 weeks (Richardson et al. 1974). In zinc-deficient diets, effects were especially pronounced and included all of the signs mentioned plus testicular hypoplasia. A similar pattern was evident in cadmium-stressed quail on an iron-deficient diet. In all tests, 1% ascorbic acid in the diet prevented cadmium-induced effects in Japanese quail (Richardson et al. 1974). In studies with Japanese quail at environmentally relevant concentrations of 10 pg Cd/kg B W daily (for 4 days, administered per os), absorbed cadmium was transported in blood in a form that enhanced deposition in the kidney less than 0.7% of the total administered dose was recovered from liver plus kidneys plus duodenum (Scheuhammer 1988). 

Fig. 9.2. Fibroblast cell from an embryonic chicken heart ventricle (8-10 days of incubation), on fused quartz (a) z = 0 (b) z = +1.8 m (c) topography, impedance and attenuation measured along the line marked 1.7 GHz (Hildebrand and Rugar 1984).

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino Joe Koo Lan (root) Panaxatriol, panaxadiol, saponin, glypenosides, sterol.33-34349350351 Regulating effect on lymphocyte transformation, protective effect against myocardial and cerebral ischemia, relax isochemic heart ventricles. 

However, connexins do not seem to be restricted to the transverse cell boundaries, since they have also been detected in several specimens at the lateral cell side. For example Oosthoek et al. [1993b] demonstrated Cx43-positive staining at the lateral cell side of human and bovine hearts (ventricles). Figure 10 shows another example from the rabbit heart, using an anti-Cx43 monoclonal antibody in cryostat sections of the rabbit left ventricle. Please note the distribution of Cx43 positivity at the transverse cell boundaries and at the lateral cell sides. 

Mel nikova, N.P., Timoshin, S.S., Jivotova, E.Y., Pelliniemi, L.J., Jokinen, E., and Abdelwahid, E. 2006. Angiotensin II activates apoptosis, proliferation and protein synthesis in the left heart ventricle of newborn albino rats. Int. J. Cardiol. 112 219-222. 

Chu, S. H., Sutherland, K., Beck, J., Kowalski, J., Goldspink, P., and Schwertz, D. 2005. Sex differences in expression of calcium-handling proteins and beta-adrenergic receptors in rat heart ventricle. Life Sci. 76 2735-2749. 

Simple mathematical calculations by the first pharmacologists in the 1930s indicated that structurally specific drugs exert their action in very small doses and do not act on all molecules of the body but only on certain ones, those that constitute the drug receptors. For example, Clark [407] calculated that ouabain applied to the cells of the heart ventricle, isolated from the toad, would cover only 2.5% of the cellular surface. These observations prompted Clark [407,408] to apply the mathematical approaches used in enzyme kinetics to the effects of chemicals on tissues, and this formed the basis of the occupancy theory for drug-receptor interaction. Thus, pharmacological receptor models preceded accurate knowledge of receptors by many years. 

HSC- 2DPAGE Heart Science Centre, Harefield Hospital Human heart (ventricle). Rat heart (ventricle). Dog heart (ventricle) http //www.doc.ic.ac.uk/ vip/hsc-2dpage/ Evans et al., 1997... 

HEART- 2DPAGE German Heart Institute, Berlin Human heart (ventricle) Human heart (atrium) http //userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/ pldss/dhzb.html Pleissner et al., 1996... 

Catecholamines. The quantitative determination of dopamine and noradrenaline in tissue samples of 0.1-10 mg at levels in the order of 0.5 pmol has been described [84]. These methods are based on extraction, formation of the pentafluorpropionyl derivatives, and the use of the homologues, a-methyidopamine and a-methylnoradrenaline as internal standards in SIM. Higher sensitivity than obtainable with fluorimetric or enzymic assays is reported [462J. Applications have been to amine determination in specific regions of rat brain [84] and to measurement of heart ventricle concentrations [463]. A combination of assays of this type with the use of synthesis inhibitors or radioisotope labelled precursors allows direct estimation of brain amine turnover in animals. 

Natriuretic peptides (NP) are secreted to regulate fluid volume, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. They have activity in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. ANP was the first described in 1981. BNP was discovered 7 years later in the porcine brain, thus the name. However, in humans, while produced in the brain, the main source of circulatory BNP is the heart ventricles. Other members of the NP family include C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and urodilatin. Although these two hormones are not produced by myocardium, they are released with ANP and BNP in patients with volume overload, hypertension, and hyponatremia. 

Figure 2 Identification of adult cardiomyocytes with mitotic features. Immunofluorescence staining of transverse tissue sections from normal adult rat heart ventricles for pbosphorylatcd histone 3 (bright green), striated muscle myosin (red), and countcrstained for DNA (Hoechsst 33342, blue). Presence of bright green nuclei, surrounded by red cytoplasmic staining, identifies cardiomyocytes with mitotic features (thick arrows), while lack of red staining identifies non-myocytes (thin arrows).

Burt VK, Green JW. 1971. Studies of a calcium-sensitive ATPase in chick heart ventricle cells. Exp Cell Res 65 170-176. 

The primary effect of peripheral a-stimulation is vasoconstriction, whereas vasodilation is that of p-stimulation. In the heart a-receptors are less significant. P-Receptors, however, cause augmentation of both chronotropic (rate) and inotropic (contractile) activity. The excessive force with which the heart ventricle expels blood is pitted against a less stretchable arterial system, caused by arterial constriction. The net result is an increase in blood pressure—both systolic when the heart is contracting, and diastolic when it is dilated and relaxed. 

Clegg, D.O., Large, T.H., Bodary, S. and Reichardt, L.F. (1989) Regulation of nerve growth factor mRNA levels in developing rat heart ventricle is not altered by sympathectomy. Dev. Biol. 134 30-37. 

Figure 1. A two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) separation of 80 tg of heart (ventricle) proteins. The first dimension comprised an 18 cm non-linear pH 3-10 immobihsed pH gradient (IPG) subjected to isoelectric focusing. The second dimension was a 21 cm 12% SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gel. Proteins were detected by silver staining. The non-linear pH range of the first-dimension IPG strip is indicated along the top of the gel, acidic pH to the left. The Mr (relative molecular mass) scale can be used to estimate the molecular weights of the separated proteins.

Figure 6. Peptide mass profiling of a silver stained protein spot from a narrow range, pH 4-7, 2DE separation of human heart (ventricle) proteins. A MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of tryptic peptides is shown, analyzed using a Micromass Tofspec 2E spectrometer (Manchester, UK) operated in the positive ion reflectron mode at 20 kV accelerating voltage with time-lag focusing enabled. The protein spot of interest was identified as human vimentin, (courtesy of J.A.Westbrook and R. Wait) (unpublished data). 2DE gels were silver stained using a modified Amersham Biosciences kit.

HP-2DPAGE Heart 2-DE Database, MDC, Berlin http //www.mdc- berlm.de/ emu/heart/ Human heart (ventricle)... 

Sometimes cardiac insufficiency is corrected surgically by grafting a piece of skeletal muscle to the heart ventricle. What would you think would be the difficulty with using skeletal muscle in this way Could skeletal muscle substitute for smooth muscle Speculate on why two communication systems are necessary in the body. Why can plants do fine with one ... 

Fig. 6.3a,b. GVF field extracted from a MRl image of the left heart ventricle... 

Piene H (1980) Interaction between the right heart ventricle and its arterial load a quantitative solution. Am J Physiol 238 (Heart Circ Physiol 7) H932-H937 O Rouke MF (1982) Vascular impedance in studies of arterial and cardiac function. Physiol Rev... 

Figure 1 Tissue oxygen concentrations experienced by some mammalian cells. Values for the carotid body are from measurements of the carotid body microvasculature with an arterial PO2 of 145 iM, taken from Lahiri et al. (110). Values for brain are from measurements taken within many regions of the brain in rat, cat, rabbit, and piglet, reviewed in Erecinska and Silver (111). Liver PO2 measurements are from rat, taken from deGroot and Noll (112) and Vollmar and Menger (113). Measurements of heart ventricle are from the epicardium of ventricles in cat, dog, and piglet, taken from Rumsey et al. (114,115) and Honig and Gayeski (116). Tissue PO2 measurements reported in the literature were converted from units of torr to pM O2 using the conversion factor of 1.4 pM O2 per unit torr.

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