Button cell battery

The alkaline manganese dioxide cell is most widely available either as standard sized cylindrical cells with capacities ranging from 0.6 to 22 Ah or as button cells. Batteries having a wide variety of capacities and voltages are also readily available. These are all interchangeable with Leclanche and zinc chloride cells. 

The total mercury consumption varied from 270 to 543 kg of mercury annually with a mean value of 393 kg. Moreover, mercury battery consumption of the island underwent a considerable increase from the year 2001 and was at its peak in 2003 with a total contribution of 248 kg of mercury. The general decline in the trend can be associated partly with the govermnent decisions to prohibit use of button cell batteries and mercury usage in paints (except road marking paints) and... 

Products and Uses There are five main types lead storage batteries for autos, motorcycles, lawnmowers, and so on zinc chloride or zinc carbon batteries for calculators and clocks alkaline batteries used in cameras and radios nicklecadmium rechargable batteries that can be used repeatedly and button cell batteries used in watches and hearing aids. Batteries are not energy efficient. Their manufacture requires 50 times more energy than they will produce. 

Passaniti J, Carpenter D, McKenzie R (2011) Button cell batteries. In Reddy T, Linden D (eds) Linden s handbook of batteries, 4th edn. McGraw Hill, New York... 

Batteries contain a range of recyclable metals and can thus be used as sources of raw materials. Below you will find a selection of the major recycling procedures for portable batteries from the various electrochemical systems. There are sufficient facilities to deal with round and button cell batteries containing lead, nickel/ cadmium, nickel/metal hydride, and mercury. For the newer nickel/metal hydride and lithium systems, however, recycling is still in the early stages. For all the other aforementioned systems, such procedures have been in place for some time now. 

FIGURE 15.16 Discharge characteristics for 2736 button-cell battery (a) Projected discharge at 25°C. (1>) Maximum continuous discharge current vs. temperature. Courtesy of Catalyst Research Corp.)... 

Button cell batteries with mass plate electrodes in plastic encapsulation ... 

The titanium sulfide is able to act as a lithium reservoir. On iatercalation with lithium, the titanium lattice expands from ca 570 to 620 pm as the iatercalation proceeds to completion on formation of TiI iS2. Small button cells have been developed, incorporating lithium perchlorate ia propyleae carboaate electrolyte, for use ia watches and pocket calculators (see Batteries). 

As of this writing, there is Httle commercialization of advanced battery systems. Small rechargeable lithium button cells have been commercialized, however, by Sanyo, Matsushita (Panasonic), and Toshiba. These cells are intended for original equipment manufacturer (OEM) use in appHcations such as memory backup and are not available to the general consumer. 

The button cells that provide the energy for watches, electronic calculators, hearing aids, and pacemakers are commonly alkaline systems of the silver oxide-zinc or mercuric oxide-zinc variety. These alkaline systems provide a vei y high energy density, approximately four times greater than that of the alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide battery. 

The capacity of single-use alkaline zinc-air cells is twice that of manganese dioxide-zinc cells. They cost less than silver oxide-Zn batteries or Li batteries. The best example of consumer usage is the hearing-aid button cell. In sealed condition it can be... 

It is so universally applied that it may be found in combination with metal oxide cathodes (e.g., HgO, AgO, NiOOH, Mn02), with catalytically active oxygen electrodes, and with inert cathodes using aqueous halide or ferricyanide solutions as active materials ("zinc-flow" or "redox" batteries). The cell (battery) sizes vary from small button cells for hearing aids or watches up to kilowatt-hour modules for electric vehicles (electrotraction). Primary and storage batteries exist in all categories except that of flow-batteries, where only storage types are found. Acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes are used as well. The (simplified) half-cell reaction for the zinc electrode is the same in all electrolytes ... 

Zinc-silver oxide batteries as primary cells are known both as button cells, e.g., for hearing aids, watches, or cameras, and for military applications, usually as reserve batteries. Since the latter after activation have only a very short life (a few seconds to some minutes), a separation by cellulo-sic paper is generally sufficient. 

This section reviews the state-of-the-art in battery separator technology for lithium-ion cells, with a focus on separators for spirally wound batteries in particular, button cells are not considered. 

Button cells consist of cathode and anode cans (used as the terminals), powdered zinc anode, containing gelled electrolyte and the corrosion inhibitor, separator with electrolyte, thin (0.5 mm) carbon cathode with catalyst and PTFE, waterproof gas-permeable (teflon) layer and air distribution layer for the even air assess over the cathode surface. Parameters of battery depend on the air transfer rate, which is determined by quantity and diameters of air access holes or porosity of the gas-diffusion membrane. Air-zinc batteries at low rate (J=0,002-0,01C at the idle drain and J= 0,02-0,04C at the peak continuous current) have flat discharge curves (typical curve is shown by Figure 1). 

Figure 1. Typical battery configurations (a) button cell (b) stack lead acid (c) spiral wound cylindrical lithium ion (d) spiral wound prismatic lithium-ion.

Nickel(lll) oxide, prepared from a nickel(ii) salt and sodium hypochlorite, is used for the oxidation of alkanols in aqueous alkali [46]. Residual nickel(Ii) oxide can be re-activated by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Nickel oxides have also long been used in the manufacture of the positive pole in the Edison nickel-iron rechargeable battery, now largely superseded by die lead-acid accumulator, and in the Jungner nickel-cadmium batteries used as button cells for calculators [47]. Here, prepared nickel oxide is pressed into a holding plate of perforated nickel. Such prepared plates of nickel(lli) oxide have been proposed as reagent for the oxidation, in alkaline solution, of secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids [48]. Used plates can be regenerated by anodic oxidation. 

Miniature batteries based on aqueous, non-aqueous and solid electrolytes are manufactured as power sources for microelectronics and other miniaturized equipment. In Fig. 1.2, the sizes and shapes of some representative button cells are shown. A typical application for such cells is in the electric watch, where the oscillator circuit draws a continuous current of 0.2-0.6 pA and depending on the type of frequency divider and display, the complete unit may require a total of up to 0.5-2.0 pA for operation. Hence the total amount of electrical energy consumed in driving the watch for a year is in the range 15-60 mWh. At present, batteries are manufactured which last for 5-10 years. Watch batteries must have exceptionally low self-discharge rates and very reliable seals to prevent leakage. Further, they... 

In Scotland, the cost of domestic mains electricity is 0.0713/kWh (in 1997). A D-size Leclanchd cell, delivering say 5 Wh, currently retails at 0.50. Thus, energy from the primary battery costs I00/kWh - a factor of over 1000 more expensive. For a 150 mWh zinc-silver oxide button cell, retailing at 1.50, the cost of energy is over 10 000/kWh ... 

Li-FeS2 cells were manufactured as button cells, and are now produced as spiral wound cylindrical cells (Fig. 4.28). The latter are currently being heavily marketed worldwide by the Eveready Battery Co, Inc. (especially... 

Button, cylindrical and prismatic sealed cells are similar in design to the starved-electrolyte configuration of nickel-cadmium cells. A schematic diagram of a six-cell battery is shown in Fig. 6.11. Because of the slightly... 

Batteries, Eveready(R) button cells, ECR2032, 3 V Lithium cell (Sigma, B0653)... 

Fig. 15.10. Two batteries in common use (a) The cylindrical Leclanche battery (b) The silver oxide/zinc button cell.

---