Flat discharge curve

Button cells consist of cathode and anode cans (used as the terminals), powdered zinc anode, containing gelled electrolyte and the corrosion inhibitor, separator with electrolyte, thin (0.5 mm) carbon cathode with catalyst and PTFE, waterproof gas-permeable (teflon) layer and air distribution layer for the even air assess over the cathode surface. Parameters of battery depend on the air transfer rate, which is determined by quantity and diameters of air access holes or porosity of the gas-diffusion membrane. Air-zinc batteries at low rate (J=0,002-0,01C at the idle drain and J= 0,02-0,04C at the peak continuous current) have flat discharge curves (typical curve is shown by Figure 1). 

Figure 3.2. Typical battery discharge curves. 1— Steep discharge curve typical, for example, for Leclanche cells 2— flat discharge curve typical, for example, for mercury-zinc cells 3—discharge curve with initial dip typical, for example, for thionyl chloride-hthium cells.

Orthorhombic LiFePO of the olivine structure forms FePO during charging/ discharging, and two crystal phases exist during charging/discharging thus it exhibits a flat discharge curve. The accurate crystal structure of orthorhombic... 

Although the energy density of a 18650 cell (1100 mAh) is rather small, about 95 Wh/dm, discharge rates as high as 27C are possible, and a flat discharge curve profile is maintained throughout discharge. 

Flat discharge curve. Lithium primary cells with soluble cathode reactants typically show a flat discharge curve which provides constant power output. 

Very flat discharge curve very long shelf-life good low temperature performance a4-30 Spirally wound cylindrical Military/civilian supplies for radios, sonobuoyi, alarms... 

Ticellent reliability on continuous dram Flat discharge curve good shelf-life 0.1-4 0,05-2 Button or rectangular plate Button, coin cylindrical or planar, thin sheet Pacemakers and other implanted devices electronic memory small consumer, eg. watches, microoomputeri, instruments... 

This reaction produces a flat discharge curve, but it is also slower than the first reduction step and therefore is useful only under low-rate discharge conditions. No additional volume change occurs in the cathode for this reaction. Note that this step provides only one-third of the capacity of the first reaction based on Mn02. Even further reduction to Mn(OH)2 is possible but not practical. 

Flat discharge characteristics A flat discharge curve (constant voltage and resistance through most of the discharge) is typical for many lithium batteries. 

Flat discharge curve from —55 to +100° C operation long shelf-life 0.1-30 Spirally wound cylindrical or flat disc Computer memory back-up military emergency supplies... 

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