Zinc-carbon batteries

D—Leclanche Zinc anode Carbon, silver chloride, and air Primary and secondary Zinc—air batteries, carbon—zinc batteries, and silver chloride-zinc batteries... 

Primary batteries, 3 434—469. See also Alkaline primary cells Batteries Carbon-zinc cells Lithium primary cells Secondary batteries defined, 3 409... 

Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, magnesium types, lithium types, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

Ray-o-Vac International Corporation, Westminster House, 97 St Mary Street, Cardiff Primary batteries, carbon—zinc. 

Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanche secondary batteries, nickel-iron. 

RoUed-zinc products in the form of strip, sheet, wire, and rod have many and varied commercial appUcations. Strip is formed into dry-ceU battery cans, mason jar covers, organ pipes, grommets, eyelets, and many other objects, some of which are subsequentiy brass or chromium plated (jewelry, medaUions, bathroom accessories, etc) (132). The zinc—carbon dry-ceU appUcation accounts for about one half the roUed-zinc consumption in the United States (see Batteries). Sheet zinc is used in photoengraving and also in the constmction of roofing and other architectural uses. Special high grade zinc with a... 

Fig. 7. Performance comparison of "D"-size alkaline—manganese vs carbon-zinc batteries at 21°C on (a) alight drain 150-Q continuous test at 21°C, and...

Zink-jodid, n. zinc iodide, -kalk, m. zinc calx, zinc ash. -kastea, m. zinc case zinc tank, -kiesel, m., -kieselerz, n. (siliceous) calamine. -kitt, m. zinc cement, -kohlea-batterie, /. zinc-carbon battery, -legierung, /. zinc alloy, -losung, /. zinc solution, -mehl,... 

C19-0125. The first battery to find widespread commercial use was the carbon-zinc dry cell, in which the cathode reaction is 2 Mn02( ) + q)+2e -> ZnMn2 04( ) In a flashlight, one of these batteries... 

There are two major types of household batteries (a) Primary batteries are those that cannot be reused. They include alkaline/manganese, carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide, zinc-air, silver oxide, and other types of button batteries, (b) Secondary batteries are those that can be reused secondary batteries (rechargeable) include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and potentially nickel-hydrogen. 

Mercury reduction in household batteries began in 1984 and continues today. During the last five years, the industry has reduced the total amount of mercury usage by about 86%. Some batteries such as the alkaline battery have had about a 97% mercury reduction in the product. Newer alkaline batteries may contain about one-tenth the amount of mercury previously contained in the typical alkaline battery. Some alkaline batteries have zero-added mercury, and several mercury-free, heavy-duty, carbon-zinc batteries are on the market. 

Practically every battery system uses carbon in one form or another. The purity, morphology and physical form are very important factors in its effective use in all these applications. Its use in lithium-ion batteries (Li-Ion), fuel cells and other battery systems has been reviewed previously [1 -8]. Two recent applications in alkaline cells and Li-Ion cells will be discussed in more detail. Table 1 contains a partial listing of the use of carbon materials in batteries that stretch across a wide spectrum of battery technologies and materials. Materials stretch from bituminous materials used to seal carbon-zinc and lead acid batteries to synthetic graphites used as active materials in lithium ion cells. 

It is estimated that over 14 billion alkaline Zn-Mn02 cells and 30 billion carbon-zinc cells were made worldwide in 2003. This compares to the about 500 million lead acid automotive batteries that were made in the same period. 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

In this connection, Servos mentions, among others, Robert Bunsen at Heidelberg, who invented the carbon-zinc battery and the spectroscope H. H. Landolt at Bonn, later Berlin, who studied the refractive power of the molecule in relation to the refractivities of its atoms Heinrich Rose at Berlin, who followed up on Berthollet s theory of mass action and Cato Guldberg and Peter Waage in Norway, who did so more thoroughly. See John W. Servos, Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling, 1115. 

Cost The cost of the battery is determined by the materials used in its fabrication and the manufacturing process. The manufacturer must be able to make a profit on the sale to the customer. The selling price must be in keeping with its perceived value (tradeoff of the ability of the user to pay the price and the performance of the battery). Alkaline primary Zn—MnOz is perceived to be the best value in the United States. However, in Europe and Japan the zinc chloride battery still has a significant market share. In developing countries, the lower cost Leclanche carbon—zinc is preferred. Likewise, lead acid batteries are preferred for automobile SLI over Ni—Cd with superior low-temperature performance but with a 10 times higher cost. 

The performance and capacity advantages of alkaline batteries vs carbon—zinc is resulting in the continuous decline of this battery. The low cost of the carbon zinc cell is a major reason for its continued use. Thus, cost is a major consideration in the development and selection of separators for this system. 

Cadmium, along with nickel, forms a nickel-cadmium alloy used to manufacture nicad batteries that are shaped the same as regular small dry-cell batteries. However, a major difference is that the nicads can be recharged numerous times whereas the common dry cells cannot. A minor difference between the two types of cells is that nicads produce 1.4 volts, and regular carbon-zinc-manganese dioxide dry-cell batteries produce 1.5 volts. 

Most battery systems employ carbon materials in one form or another, as noted in Table 10.1. The use of carbon materials in batteries stretches across a wide spectrum of battery technologies. The variety of carbon runs the gamut from bituminous materials, used to seal carbon-zinc and carbon black powders in lead acid batteries, to high performance synthetic graphites, used as active materials in lithium-ion cells. The largest use is as a conductive diluent to enhance the performance of cathode materials. In many instances, it is used as a conductive diluent for poorly conducting cathode materials where carbon blacks, such as acetylene black, are preferred. It is essential that... 

FIGURE 10.3 Construction of the carbon-zinc cells. The zinc chloride and Leclanche have the same construction except for the seal. The zinc chloride has a plastic-compression seal while the Leclanche has a poured hot bituminous seal instead of the plastic-compression seal shown. (Courtesy of Eveready Battery Co., St Louis, MO. With permission.)... 

Bunsen s chromic acid battery -> Bunsen constructed a -> chromic acid battery with zinc anodes for the purpose of producing electric sparks for spectral analysis [i]. The electrodes (carbon and zinc) could be immersed in... 

Camacho cell — This was a - chromic acid battery with zinc anodes, and a construction that the chromic acid solutions flowed through the cathode compartment housing the inert carbon electrodes. See also - Daniell cell, - zinc, - Zn2+/Zn electrodes, - Zn2+/Zn(Hg) electrodes, - zinc-air batteries (cell), and - Leclanche cell. Ref [i] Hauck WP (1883) Die Galvanischen Batterien, Accumulatoren und Thermosaulen, 2nd edn. Hartleben s Verlag Wien... 

See also - Leclanche cell, -> Zn2+/Zn electrodes, -> Zn2+/Zn(Hg) electrodes, -> zinc-air batteries (cell), -> zinc-carbon cell, -> zinc electrowinning. 

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