Jungner nickel cadmium batteries

Jahn-Teller distortions 309 ff Japanese separators 264, 267 Joule effect, heat losses 13 jump frequency, solid electrolytes 532 Jungner nickel cadmium batteries 22... 

Nickel(lll) oxide, prepared from a nickel(ii) salt and sodium hypochlorite, is used for the oxidation of alkanols in aqueous alkali [46]. Residual nickel(Ii) oxide can be re-activated by reaction with sodium hypochlorite. Nickel oxides have also long been used in the manufacture of the positive pole in the Edison nickel-iron rechargeable battery, now largely superseded by die lead-acid accumulator, and in the Jungner nickel-cadmium batteries used as button cells for calculators [47]. Here, prepared nickel oxide is pressed into a holding plate of perforated nickel. Such prepared plates of nickel(lli) oxide have been proposed as reagent for the oxidation, in alkaline solution, of secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids [48]. Used plates can be regenerated by anodic oxidation. 

Nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron are prime examples of rechargeable (secondary) batteries, invented in 1901 by Waldemar Jungner and Edison, respectively. In the 1920s and 1930s, such batteries powered radios prior to rural clectrificadnn. The sealed nickel-cadmium battery is now the most widely used battery in consumer products. 

The nickel-cadmium battery was invented by Jungner in 1899. The battery used nickel hydroxide for the positive electrode, cadmium hydroxide for the negative electrode, and an alkaline solution for the electrolyte. Jungner s nickel-cadmium battery has undergone various forms of the development using improved materials and manufacturing processes to achieve a superior level of performance. 

In 1899, the nickel-cadmium battery, the first alkaline battery, was invented by a Swedish scientist named Waldmar Jungner. The special feature of this battery was its potential to be recharged. In construction, nickel and cadmium electrodes in a potassium hydroxide solution, it was the first battery to use an alkaline electrolyte. This battery was commercialized in Sweden in 1910 and reached the Unites States in 1946. The first models were robust and had significantly better energy density than lead-acid batteries, but nevertheless, their wide use was limited because of the high costs. 

In 1899, Waldmar Jungner (Sweden) invented the nickel-cadmium battery (Ni/Cd) [6]. The battery used nickel for the cathode, cadmium for the anode, and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide for the electrolyte. The applications of these batteries were limited because of the high cost of the materials compared to other battery systems (lead acid). In 1901, Edison (USA) modified the design of the battery by replacing the anode material with iron [7]. This design is known as the... 

Additionally, in 1901, the Swedish engineer Waldemar Jungner and Thomas Edison invented the rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery, whose redox reaction during the charge and discharge processes is shown in Equation 1.2, and its open-circuit voltage is about 1.35 V. 

Figure 33.1 Nickel-cadmium battery for starting up diesel generators for emergency lighting (Courtesy of Nife Jungner)...

Nife Jungner designs for nickel-cadmium batteries... 

The nickel hydroxide electrode is used since decades in the mckel-iron(Edison)-or nickel-cadmium(Jungner)-storage battery Here the anodes consist mainly of nickel oxide powder pressed into a support and current feeder, whilst for electro-organic oxidations and electroanalytical measurements a thin nickel oxide hydroxide layer on a nickel support is used. 

The iron-nickel oxide alkaline battery system has many features in common with the nickel-cadmium system discussed above. It was first developed by Edison in the USA at the turn of the century and was patented in the same year as Jungner s first nickel-cadmium US patent, 1901. Iron can be regarded as a favourable active battery material because of its low cost, high theoretical specific capacity (twice that of cadmium) and non-toxic, pollution-free characteristics. However, because its reduction potential is below that of hydrogen, and since hydrogen overvoltage is low on iron, charge retention is poor and efficiency is low. 

Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries were invented in 1899 by Jungner. They use nickel hydroxide as cathode active material, cadmium and iron as anode, and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide as electrolyte. Materials such as polystyrene, nonwoven nylon, and cellulose are used as... 

In 1859, the French scientist Gaston Plants (1834-1889) made the first prototype of a lead acid rechargeable battery. An alkaline nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery was developed in 1899 by the Swedish engineer W. Jungner (1869-1924) and an alkaline nickel-iron battery was developed two years later by the well-known American inventor Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931). Up to the seventh decade of the nineteenth century, electrochemical batteries remained the only sources of electrical current and power. 

Nickel cadmium and nickel iron are the prime examples of alkaline rechargeable batteries, which were invented again within years of each other by Waldemar Jungner in Sweden and the ever inventive Thomas Edison. Here again both the inventors laid the foundation of major battery businesses. 

The first patent on an alkaline secondary battery was taken out by Walde-mar Jungner of Sweden, who in 1899 proposed a system based on nickel hydroxide as the positive electroactive material, a mixture of cadmium and iron as the negative electrode, and an aqueous solution of potassium... 

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