Buccal cells

The relationship between serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin was recently studied by Johnson et al, (2000). Dietary intake of xanthophyll-rich vegetables (for example, spinach and com) resulted in significant increases in lutein concentration in serum, adipose tissue and buccal cells, and this correlated with changes in MP density. However, P-carotene and lycopene are normally the major carotenoids detected in buccal cells (Peng et al, 1994). 

The use of buccal cell cultures for assessing the permeability of the buccal mucosa has attracted recent attention (see Chap. 7 for a more extensive summary). In order to culture buccal epithelial cells, the cells must be harvested from an appropriate source and cultured under specific conditions using an appropriate growth medium, temperature, and humidity [46], Cell cultures have been successfully grown from hamster cheek pouch. These cultured cells, however, did not differentiate to form a complete keratinized surface as seen in the normal hamster cheek pouch, and they consequently displayed a greater permeability to compounds when compared with keratinized hamster cheek pouch mucosa [134], Therefore, the cultured hamster cheek cells more closely mimicked the human buccal mucosa due to their lack of keratinization, and so this may be an appropriate model for predicting permeability through the human buccal mucosa. 

Thompson, M. D., Bowen, R. A., Wong, B. Y., et al. (2005) Whole genome amplification of buccal cell DNA genotyping concordance before and after multiple displacement amplification. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 43, 157-162. 

The advantages of the in vitro approaches described above also apply to buccal cell culture systems. In addition, other aspects such as cell growth and differentiation can be studied in these systems in detail. Also, once the source is established, a continuous supply of cell lines can be obtained, which obviates the need for expensive animal or human tissues that are often difficult to obtain in large quantities. 

The AHS, a collaborative research effort between the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health and EPA, is a prospective occupational study of 89,658 pesticide appliers and their spouses in Iowa and North Carolina assembled between 1993 and 1997 to evaluate risk factors for disease in rural farm populations (Blair et al. 2005). It is being conducted in three phases—phase I (1993-1997), phase II (1999-2003), and phase III (2005)—and includes only limited biomonitoring. Data are gathered with questionnaires to determine pesticide use and exposures, work practices, and other relevant exposures from buccal cell collection with dietary surveys and with interviews to determine updated pesticide exposures (Agricultural Health Study 2005). 

Blommaert, F. A., Michael, C., Terheggen, P. M. A. B Muggiam, F. M Kortes, V., Chomagel, J. H., Hart, A. A. M., and Den Engelse, L. (1993) Drug-induced DNA modification of buccal cells of cancer patients receiving carboplatin and cisplatin combination chemotherapy, as determined by an immunocytochemical method inter-individual variation and correlation with disease response. Cancer Res. 53, 5669. 

Sources of DNA for engraftment testing are typically peripheral white blood cells or bone marrow aspirates. It is crucial to obtain genomic DNA samples from the recipient before the transplant to determine his or her native genotypes at the tested loci. Then posttransplant samples can be compared with pure specimens from the donor and from the pretransplant recipient. If a pretransplant sample from the recipient is not available, another sample such as buccal cells maybe obtained. Care should be taken in interpreting results from these alternate sources, however, since donor-derived inflammatory cells may be present. 

Whole genome amplification of buccal cell DNA genotyping concordance before and after multiple displacement amplification. Clin Chem Lab Med 43 157-162... 

M. (2005) Infrared micro-spectroscopy of human cells causes for the spectral variance of oral mucosa (buccal) cells. Vih. Spectrosc., 42, 9-14. 

Oral mucosa (buccal) cells have been used as one of the most easily obtainable exfoliated cell types from volunteer donors. The spectra collected from entire individual cells are used to introduce the possibiUty of using IR microspectral results to distinguish between ceU types and to determine their state of health. In particular, the heterogeneity of observed spectra-and methods to overcome such problems-are discussed. 

It has been reported [5, 9, 20] that the spectra of hundreds of buccal cells, collected from one volunteer, showed spectral variations that can be summarized as follows ... 

Figure 5.2 PCA scores plot (PC2 versus PC 3) of the spectra of ca. lOOOoral mucosa (buccal) cells from five subjects. The distribution of scores around the coordinate origin suggests minimal person-to-person variation.

In our original studies [20], we proceeded to compare the human buccal cells to canine cervical cells, and found that IR spectroscopy/PCA could distinguish between the cell types. It was possible to explain this effect in terms of cell matura-hon, which was further confirmed recently for human cervical cells. Thus, we shall present the canine model in Sechon 5.3.2.3 along with the results from human cervical cells. 

It is interesting to note that, whilst mature canine cervical cells could not be differentiated [20] from mature human buccal cells (which have a similar size and morphology), human and canine cervical cells may be very easily differentiated, as canine cells never accumulate glycogen whereas human cells are generally glycogen-rich. 

The differences observed prompted experiments to determine If functions associated with the cell surface were affected by such alterations. In particular, the adherence capabilities of the strains was assessed by measuring adherence to buccal epithelial cells and to fibrin-platelet matrices (24,25). Adherence of strains 4918-2 and 4918-10 was greatly reduced In both systems when compared to control values. Adherence of the mutant strains was reduced to approximately 60% and 85% in comparison to results obtained with strain 4918 in the buccal cell and fibrin-platelet systems, respectively. 

Uu, Y.H., Bai,)., Zhu, Y., Liang, X., Siemieniak, D., Venta, P.)., and Lubman, D.M. (1995) Rapid saeening of genetic polymorphisms using buccal cell DNA with detection by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. 

An ideal buccal deUveiy system should stay in the oral cavity for at least few hours and release the active ingredients in a unidirectional way towards the mucosa in a controlled or sustained-release fashion. Muco- and bioadhesive polymers are supposed to prolong the residence time of the device in the oral cavity. One of the experiments developed a direct staining method to visualize the polymer adhesion to human buccal cells after exposure to an aqueous dispersion of chitosan. An in vivo study was performed on a test group of human subjects, who rinsed with... 

FIGURE 2. Concentrations of ascorbic acid (mean sem) in plasma and mononuclear and buccal cells of eight healthy men receiving various ascorbate intakes from 5 to 250 mg/day (shown at bottom). 

A buccal delivery system is meant to deliver the drug from the mucosa in the oral cavity in a unidirectional fashion towards systemic circulation. A study carried out to test the mucoadhesiveness of a chitosan formulation on the buccal cells revealed that the formulation remained wedged into the buccal cells for at least one hour [121]. 

Buccal Cells. Cell pellets were first incubated at 37°C with a protease solution, and then extracted with hexane. The extract was analyzed by HPLC on two Novapak C18 columns (4 (im) connected in series, developed with a gradient mobile phase (39,214). P-Carotene in plasma, blood cells, and buccal mucosa cells was determined by HPLC analysis on a Vydac C18 (0.46 x 25 cm) with methanol/acetonitrile (95 5) containing 50 nM NaC104 (215). 

Genotoxicity Nickel induces dose- and time-dependent genotoxicity as observed in buccal cells of occupation-ally exposed subjects from the electroplating industry. Plasma nickel and chromium concentration in these workers correlated well with increased MN observed along with other nuclear abnormalities like karyorrhexis, pyknosis and karyolysis (indicators of genotoxicity) in buccal cells [79 ]. 

QayyumS,AraA,UsmaniJA. Effect of nickel and chromium exposure on buccal cells of electroplaters. Toxicol Indust Health2012 28(l) 74-82. 

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