Bottles and containers

The growing use of recycled materials, especially these which contain mixed plastics requires fillers that will compatibilize these mixed polymers so that mechanical properties can be retained or improved  

For laser marking to be effective, the energy of the laser beam must be retained in the material to cause local charring. Properly selected fillers are sufficiently opaque to absorb radiation and aid the process of marking.  

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Chloroform undergoes oxidation to the very poisonous phosgene upon exposure to light and air. Commercial specimens are therefore stored in brown bottles and contain 1-2 per cent, of alcohol the latter converts the toxic phosgene into the harmless substance diethyl carbonate ... 

The clean, durable, nondust-forrning character of polyethylene foam has led to its acceptance in packaging missile parts (230). Polyethylene foam sheet has also displaced polystyrene foam sheet for packaging glass bottles and containers because of its greater resUiency and tear resistance. 

Many articles, bottles and containers in particular, are made by blow moulding techniques of which there are many variations. In one typical process a hollow tube is extruded vertically downwards on to a spigot. Two mould halves close on to the extrudate (known in this context as the parison ) and air is blown through the spigot to inflate the parison so that it takes up the shape of the mould. As in injection moulding, polymers of low, intermediate and high density each find use according to the flexibility required of the finished product. 

Fibers, engineering thermoplastic resins, bottle and container resins, films... 

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film for food packaging, etc. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) blow molded into bottles and containers... 

Although some applications use these commodity polymers as structural components, their principal use is in packaging, e.g., films, bottles and containers. They are each made on a scale of over 10 million tonnes annually. 

Packaging, food and non-food, perfume bottle caps, shampoo bottles, various bottles and containers, glass product coatings... 

The bottle and container sector stimulates manufacturers and researchers who study and innovate in several directions ... 

Other industry efforts to "close the loop" of product manufacture, recycling, and resin reuse include Procter Gamble s marketing of a plastic household product container made from recycled PET. Johnson Controls, a major manufacturer of PET beverage bottles and containers, is also involved in promoting recycling efforts. Internally, the company recycles... 

The collection and preparation of water samples requires individual approaches for different analytical tasks. If heavy metals or long-lived radionuclides at the trace and ultratrace concentration range are to be determined in water samples by ICP-MS, especially careful sampling is necessary to avoid possible contamination (using clean bottles and containers washed and cleaned before use, for example, with 2 % nitric acid and high purity water to stabilize traces in the samples), and the loss of analyte by adsorption effects or precipitation should be also considered. 

Dimensional control of the neck and screw-top of bottles and containers... 

As with the various forms of polyethylene, the molecular arrangement of copolymers affects their physical and chemical properties. For example, block copolymeric SBR tends to be resistant to impact, tough, and flexible, making the material useful for adhesives, roofing and paving materials, and toys. By contrast, random copolymeric SBR is tough and transparent, making it useful in the production of clear bottles and containers, films, and specialized fibers. 

Glass is the biggest industry using soda ash and consists of bottles and containers, flat glass, and fiberglass. In many other uses, soda ash competes directly with caustic soda as an alkali. The chemical of choice is then dependent on price and availability of the two. 

Table XX provides a summary of the various methods but today the predominant technique for treating polyethylene film is electrical discharge, and for bottles and containers it is gas flaming. The other techniques are used only for specialized purposes. Both the main techniques will be considered in more detail later.

Bomatic, Inc. has been a producer of plastic bottles and containers since 1969. The company serves the personal care, automotive, pharmaceutical, medical, lawn and garden, food, household cleaners, and industrial chemicals markets. Production capabilities include extrusion blow moulding and injection moulding products made from HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PET, PETG, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyurethane. 

The Step 2 product containing up to 30 mol% ether content was effective as an oxygen barrier under high relative humidity and used in pipes, bottles, and containers by Egret [2]. 

The simplest, and by far the most common type of glass made, is known as soda-lime glass. It contains approximately 73% silica, 13% calcium oxide and 14% of alkalis. It is used for window glass and for the vast majority of the many and varied bottles and containers made. 

In contrast with the applications for LDPE, about two-thirds of high-density polyethylene is used in molding applications, split about 40% into blow molding of bottles and containers, and 25% into injection-molded products. A further 10% of the total HOPE resin output is consumed in each of the pipe and electrical conduit fabrication areas, and for film and sheet products. 

Blowing of hollow articles such as bottles and containers can be carried out online with the extrusion process. 

PET provides reasonably good oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier, which is improved by biaxial orientation. Properties of PET are summarized in Table 4.14. The largest single application of PET is in soft drink bottles, but tbe use of PET in non-soft-drink custom bottles has increased rapidly in the last few years, and continues to grow. In 2001, PET use in soft drink bottles totaled over 790 thousand tonnes, and PET use in other types of bottles and containers totaled over 827 thou-... 

The largest use for recycled HDPE bottles is in the manufacture of new nonfood HDPE containers. For a number of years, laundry detergent bottles and containers for similar products have had a three-layer structure with a core of recycled HDPE... 

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