Radionuclides long-lived

Environmental Migration of Long-lived Radionuclides" International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 1982. 

Wahlgren, M.A. and Orlandini, K.A., "Environmental Migration of Long-Lived Radionuclides" STI/PUB/597, International Atomic-Energy Agency, 1982, pp. 757-774. 

Saltelli, A. Avogadro, A. Bertozzi, G. "Proc. Workshop on the Migration of Long-lived Radionuclides in the Geosphere" OECD/NEA Paris, 1979 p 147. 

Becker JS, Pickhardt C, Dietze H-J (2000) Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the trace, ultratrace and isotope analysis of long-lived radionuclides in solid samples. Inti J Mass Spectrom 202 283-297... 

EPRI. 1981. Transuranium and other long-lived radionuclides in the terrestrial environs of nuclear power plants. Battelie Pacific Northwest Laboratories. EA-2045. Research Project 1059. Illinois State Library. 

NevissiAE. 1992. Measurement of actinides and long-lived radionuclides in large coral samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 156(2) 243-251. 

Isotope dilution (ID) is a technique for the quantitative determination of element concentrations in a sample, on the basis of isotope ratios [382]. An important prerequisite for isotope dilution is the availability of two stable isotopes, although in some cases the use of long-lived radionuclides allows the application range to be further extended [420]. 

ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) is frequently used for determining ultratrace amounts of technetium [9]. In spite of the high cost of the equipment, this detection method is far superior to other radiometric methods as regards sensitivity. When a double focussing high-resolution system is used (HR-ICP-MS) and an ultrasonic nebulizer is introduced [10], the detection limit is in the order 0.002 mBq. The ICP-MS method has been successfully applied to the determination of environmental "Tc as well as to other long-lived radionuclides of neptunium and plutonium in the environment. 

Muller, W.A., A.B. Murray, U. Linzner, and A. Luz. 1990. Osteosarcoma risk after simultaneous incorporation of the long-lived radionuclide 227Ac and the short-lived radionuclide 227Th. Radiation Res. 121 14-20. 

Whicker, F.W., J.E. Pinder III, J.W. Bowling, J.J. Alberts, and I.L. Brisbin, Jr. 1990. Distribution of long-lived radionuclides in an abandoned reactor cooling reservoir. Ecol. Monogr. 60 471-496. 

Primordial radionuclides Long-lived radionuclides that were present at Earth s formation. The most... 

Lozano, J. C., RodrIguez, P. B. Tome, F. V. 2002. Distribution of long-lived radionuclides of the 23SU series in the sediments of a small river in a uranium mineralized region of Spain. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 63, 153-171. 

Fillet, C., Advocat, T., Bart, F., Leturcq, G. Rabiller, H. 2004. Titanate ceramics for separated long-lived radionuclides. Compte rendu de TAcademie des Sciences, in press. 

Leturcq, G., Advocat, T., Hart, K., Berger, G., Lacombe, G. Bonnetier, A. 2001. Solubility study of Ti,Zr-based ceramics designed to immobilize long-lived radionuclides. American Mineralogist, 86, 871-880. 

The applications for ICP-MS are broadly similar to those for ICP-AES, although the better sensitivity of the former has resulted in applications such as the determination of ultra-low levels of impurities in semiconductors and long-lived radionuclides in the environment. Also, ICP-MS is better suited to the determination of the lanthanide series of elements in many geological applications because the mass spectrum is much simpler than the equivalent optical spectrum. 

Table 8.1 Long-lived radionuclides used in cosmochemistry...

We discussed two different types of radiochronometers. Those based on long-lived radionuclides for which a portion of the primordial abundance is still present provide absolute ages relative to the present time on suitable samples. Examples of how these chronometers are used to date individual objects (chondrules, CAIs, achondrites) and fractionation events (planetary differentiation, magma generation) were discussed. 

Short-lived radionuclides can provide high-resolution relative chronometers. The shorter the half-life, the higher the time resolution is. Short-lived systems currently in use can resolve time differences of a few hundred thousand years at 4.57 Ga. But in order to get absolute time, the short-lived systems must be tied to a long-lived radionuclide. 

Kita, N., Huss, G. R., Tachibana, S. etal. (2005) Constraints on the origin of chondrules and CAIs from short-lived and long-lived radionuclides. In Chondrites and the Protoplanetary Disk, eds. Krot, A.N., Scott, E. R. D. and Reipurth, B. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 341, pp. 558-587. 

The tools that we have to determine the age of the solar system and the chronology of early solar system materials are the long-lived and short-lived radiochronometers discussed in Chapter 8. The long-lived radionuclides tell us that the oldest objects in the solar system formed at -4.5-4.6 Ga (Fig. 9.8). But the precision of most of these measurements is not sufficient to investigate the details of those early times. In addition, there are uncertainties in the half-lives of the different radionuclides that translate into absolute uncertainties of several million to tens of millions of years. Short-lived radionuclides provide the time resolution necessary to unravel the details of early solar system history. 

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