Bone stromal cells

In summary, IL-1 and TNF-a activate mature osteoclasts indirectly via a primary effect on osteoblasts and by inhibiting osteoclast apoptosis. In addition, they increase osteoclast formation either by directly stimulating the proliferation of osteoclast precursors or by increasing the pro-osteoclastogenic capacity of bone stromal cells. Although in vitro TNF-a and IL-1 can apparently induce the development of TRAP+ osteoclasts in the absence of RANKL/RANK, all data seem to indicate that TNF-a and IL-1 potentiate osteoclast development via the activation of common second messenger systems, such as NF-/cB activation, and that the effects on OCS require the RANKL/RANK system (Jones et al. 2002). 

Co-injection can be done by simply mixing the two cell populations in suspension in an adequate injection vehicle (e.g. HBSS), usually in a 1 1 ratio. By using this method, the growth promoting effect of bone stromal cells on prostatic cancer has been demonstrated, after subcutaneous injection of a mixture containing 10 ... 

Wu, H. C., Hsieh, J. T, Gleave, M. E., Brown, N. M., Pathak, S. and Chung, L. W. (1994). Derivation of androgen-independent human LNCaP prostatic cancer cell sublines role of bone stromal cells. Int. J. Cancer 57, 406-412. 

Osteoblasts are the primary cells responsible for bone formation. They are derived from mesenchymal (stromal) cells that first differentiate into pre-osteoblasts and then into mature, bone matrix producing osteoblasts. Inactivated or resting osteoblasts become lining cells and thus a reservoir for bone forming cells to be activated at the next remodelling cycle. Osteoblasts trapped and embedded in the mineralised matrix are called osteocyts, and are important for many properties of living bone. 

EDI), and water to produce a group of biodegradable PU foams. The interconnected pores varied in size from 10 to 2 mm in diameter. Rabbit bone-marrow stromal cells cultured on the materials for up to 30 days formed multilayers of confluent cells and were phenotypically similar to those grown on tissue culture PS. It supported the adherence and proliferation of both bone-marrow stromal cells and chondrocytes in vitro. In subdermal implants the investigators found that the material showed infiltration of both vascular cells and connective tissue. 

Birnbaum T, Roider J, Schankin CJ, Padovan CS, Schichor C, Goldbrunner R, Straube A (2007) Malignant gliomas actively recruit bone marrow stromal cells by secreting angiogenic cytokines. J Neurooncol 83 241-247... 

Van Den Heuvel R, Schoeters G, Vanderborght O. 1987. Radiosensitivity to 241 Am of bone marrow stromal cells in offspring of contaminated mice. In Age-related factors in radionuclide metabolism and dosimetry. Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers, 201-208. 

The murine stromal-derived factor-la (SDF-1)/CXCL12 was originally cloned from a cDNA library derived from the bone marrow stromal cell tine ST2 by a method to clone cDNAs that carry specific amino terminal signal sequences, such as those encoding intercellular signaling-transducing molecules... 

Cherry, Yasumizu R, Toki J, et al. Production of hematopoietic stem cell-chemotactic factor by bone marrow stromal cells. Blood 1994 83(4) 964-971. 

Kim CH, Broxmeyer HE. In vitro behavior of hematopoietic progenitor cells under the influence of chemoattractants stromal cell-derived factor-1, steel factor, and the bone marrow environment. Blood 1998 91(1) 100-110. 

Simmons PJ, Masinovsky B, Longenecker BM, Berenson R, Torok-Storb B, Gallatin WM. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expressed by bone marrow stromal cells mediates the binding of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1992 80(2) 388—395. 

DC, dendritic cell EC, endothelial cell EpC, epithelial cell FDC, follicular dendritic cell FDL, foot draining lymph FLS, fibroblast-like synoviocyte MC, mast cell MDDC, monocyte-derived dendritic cell MLS, macrophage-like synoviocyte MNC, mononuclear cell Mo, monocyte M0, macrophage OB, osteoblast pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell PMNs, polymorphonuclear neutrophils SC, stromal cell STC, synovium tissue cell TB, trabecular bone. 

Kanbe K, Takemura T, Takeuchi K, Chen Q, Takagishi K, Inoue K. Synovectomy reduces stromal-cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) which is involved in the destruction of cartilage in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2004 86(2) 296-300. 

Germinder H, Sagi-Assif O, Goldberg L, et al. A possible role for CXCR4 and its ligand, the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, in the development of bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma. J Immunol 2001 167 4747-4757. 

Vande Broek I, Asosingh K, Vanderkerken K, et al. Chemokine receptor CCR2 is expressed by human multiple myeloma cells and mediates migration to bone marrow stromal cell-produced monocyte chemotactic proteins MCP-1, -2, and -3. Br J Cancer 2003 88 855-862. 

Silk fibers or monolayers of silk proteins have a number of potential biomedical applications. Biocompatibility tests have been carried out with scaffolds of fibers or solubilized silk proteins from the silkworm Bombyx mori (for review see Ref. [38]). Some biocompatibility problems have been reported, but this was probably due to contamination with residual sericin. More recent studies with well-defined silkworm silk fibers and films suggest that the core fibroin fibers show in vivo and in vivo biocompatibility that is comparable to other biomaterials, such as polyactic acid and collagen. Altmann et al. [39] showed that a silk-fiber matrix obtained from properly processed natural silkworm fibers is a suitable material for the attachment, expansion and differentiation of adult human progenitor bone marrow stromal cells. Also, the direct inflammatory potential of silkworm silk was studied using an in vitro system [40]. The authors claimed that their silk fibers were mostly immunologically inert in short and long term culture with murine macrophage cells. 

Main producer cells Bone marrow stromal cell Macrophages Fibroblasts Lymphocytes Myoblasts Osteoblasts Monocytes Fibroblasts Endothelial cells Macrophages T-lymphocytes Fibroblasts Endothelial cells... 

If the RANKL/OPG system is a final effector on the biology of osteoclasts, then this system should be the basis for the antiresorptive effects of estrogen. Indeed, estrogen stimulates OPG synthesis for osteoblastic cells (Hofbauer et al. 1999), estrogen deficiency induced by OVX results in a decrease in OPG and increased RANKL production, an action that is prevented by estradiol administration, and OPG administration prevents bone loss induced by OVX (Simonet et al. 1997 Hofbauer et al. 2000 Hofbauer 1999). In addition, estrogen can suppress RANKL and M-CSF-induced differentiation of myelomonocytic precursors into multinucleated TRAP+ osteoclasts through an ER-dependent mechanism that does not require mediation by stromal cells (Shevde et al. 2000). Finally, treatment with estradiol inhibits the response of osteoclast precursors to the action of RANKL (Srivastava et al. 2001). 

Yamaguchi A, Ishizuya T, Kintou N, Wada Y, Katagiri T, WozneyJM, Rosen V, Yoshiki S (1996) Effects of BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-6 on osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stromal cell lines, ST2 and MC3T3-G2/PA6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 220 366-371... 

Kitamura H, Kawata H, Takahashi F, Higuchi Y, Furuichi T, Ohkawa H (1995) Bone marrowneutrophilia and suppressed bone turnover in human interleukin-6 transgenic mice. A cellular relationship among hematopoietic cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts mediated by stromal cells in bone marrow. Am J Pathol 147 1682-1692... 

Yamaguchi, K., et. al., Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/transcription factor and bone marrow stromal cell-dependent pre-B cell apoptosis, J. Immunol., 158, 2165,1997. 

Lavin, A., Hahn, D., and Gasiewicz, T. A., Expression of functional aromatic hydrocarbon receptor and aromatic hydrocarbon nuclear translocator proteins in murine bone marrow stromal cells, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 352, 9, 1998. 

The bone marrow is comprised of the cells that divide and develop into mature blood cells and also of stromal cells consisting of fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes. There are three major cellular types in the marrow (Fig. 2.1) these give rise, by the processes of division and differentiation, to the eight major blood cells. 

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