Injection vehicle

Procedure (NOTE - Allow the chromatograph to run for at least 16-18 min between injections to allow for elution of all components associated with the injection vehicle.) Separately inject equal volumes (about 20 pL) of the Standard preparation and the Assay preparation into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for the major peaks. Calculate the quantity, in mg, of Ci8H14CL4N20 in each milliliter of the injection given by the formula ... 

With the introduction of fuel injected vehicles during the mid-1980s, it was found that some carburetor/fuel injector detergents actually contributed to the formation of deposits on intake valves, especially when used at high concentrations. For this reason, it became necessary to determine whether fuel detergents contributed to IVD problems or helped to prevent IVD deposits. 

The fuel lines onboard flexible fuel vehicles using ethanol will typically be designed to accommodate methanol fuels and should be more than adequate for ethanol. Most fuel system components designed for gasoline are likely also to be compatible with ethanol. In a test of a 1994 model fuel injected vehicle, only slight stiffening of the fuel line was observed [3.11]. No other materials compatibility problems were observed in the fuel system. 

Co-injection can be done by simply mixing the two cell populations in suspension in an adequate injection vehicle (e.g. HBSS), usually in a 1 1 ratio. By using this method, the growth promoting effect of bone stromal cells on prostatic cancer has been demonstrated, after subcutaneous injection of a mixture containing 10 ... 

Dexter MB, Shott MJ. The evaluation of the force to expel oily injection vehicles from syringes. / Pharm Pharmacol 1979 31 497-500. 

The stability of oils is very important in pharmaceuticals since nonpolar drugs (for example, contraceptive steroids and neuroleptic tranquillisers) are often formulated in oily injection vehicles for intramuscular or depot injection. Injections of this type can be given, for example, once a month, and the drug exerts its pharmacological effect as it leaches out of the injection site into the bloodstream. Oils used as injection vehicles include arachis oil, from the peanut plant, olive oil, castor oil and ethyl oleate, the ethyl ester of the 18-carbon fatty acid oleic acid (Figure 8.16). 

Some polymers, which do not form condensed complexes with plasmid DNA, have been reported to exhibit an enhancing effect on the transgene expression of naked plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol have been used to increase the extent and level of transgene expression following intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA.83 In addition, Hartikka et al.84 reported that a change of injection vehicle from saline or phosphate-buffered saline to 150 mM sodium phosphate buffer could enhance transgene expression by naked plasmid DNA in muscle due to inhibition of DNA degradation. 

Intravascular Administration. The easiest site of injection is the pericardial sinus, located just above the junction of the abdomen and the tail (Figure 5). Aqueous injection vehicles, pH 6.5 to 9, are well tolerated, as is a small volume (up to 1 ml/kg) of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). 

R. 1. Jeppsson, Comparison of pharmacological effects of some local anaesthetic agents when u.sing wafer and lipid emulsion as injection vehicles. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 36 299-311, 1975. 

Recently, the attention of some researchers was focused on the potentiality of microemuhions as carriers for ophthalmic drugs (19). investigations on possible ocular application.s of microemulsions were stimulated by the discovery of their potentiality as injectable vehicles for lipophilic drugs such as physostigmine or diazepam (20-2JI). 

Obtaining a prolonged effect of the drug by generation of a pool or depot of therapeutic agent in the place where it has been injected. Administering a drug that is insoluble in the somewhat reduced number of injectable vehicles. 

Dilution of a partly or complete non-aqueous injection vehicle with water or sodium chloride solution may decrease solubility causing the active substance to precipitate (see Sect. 18.1.3). 

Polymer Microspheres. For applications in drug delivery, it is desired that the polymer formulation should be present as an injectable form. From this perspective, the polymer-drug combination could be fabricated as microspheres that can be suspended in an injection vehicle prior to injection. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injections are used for microspheres whereas smaller particles (in the nano range) could be injected intravenously. Microspheres can be fabricated using a variety of techniques, some of which are described below. 

Injection volume was 50 fi and concentration of injection vehicle was 30 mg ml for bleomycin and l(X)mgml for bleomycin-dextran sulphate complex. Results are expressed as the mean of two animal groups (10 rats). The water-in-oil emulsion comprised 77.8% sesame oil, 1.5% polyoxyethylated castor oil (E = 60) and 5.7% sorbitan sesqui-oleate. From Muranishi et al. [258] with permission. 

Like clotrimazole, miconazole was originally developed as an intravenous and oral antifungal agent. The intravenous formulation was discontinued due to anaphylactic reactions associated with the injection vehicle excipient, poly-oxyl 35 Castor Oil (Cremophor EL), used to enhance the solubility of miconazole. Unlike clotrimazole, repeated administration does not induce the hepatic microsomal enzymes involved in its own metabolism. Following oral administration, around 20% of a dose is systemically absorbed where it undergoes oxidadve O-dealkylation and oxidative N-dealkylation prior to excredon (Fig. 24.5). Approximately 40% of the administered dose is excreted unchanged in the faeces. The faecal route of excredon for... 

---